【教師點(diǎn)撥】托福閱讀句子簡化題解題思路

托福閱讀題中的句子簡化題又叫做釋義題，即recognizing paraphrases，是新托福閱讀當(dāng)中比較浪費(fèi)考生時(shí)間的一種題型。 在之前的文章中我們主要探討了用句子內(nèi)部和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系來解答句子簡化題，介紹了四種常用的邏輯關(guān)系。但是，在實(shí)際的操練過程中，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，有些句子并沒有明顯的邏輯關(guān)系，有些句子和選項(xiàng)中明明有相對(duì)應(yīng)的邏輯關(guān)系，但是答案卻不是邏輯關(guān)系符合的那個(gè)選項(xiàng)， 例如TPO12的第二篇文章Transition to Sound in Film的第8題：

Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.

8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○It was difficult for some critics in the 1920s to imagine why the idea of sound film had faded from sight well before the First World War.

○As surprising as it seems today, some critics in the 1920s believed that the new attempts at sound films would fade just as quickly as the attempts made before the First World War.

○Though some early critics thought that sound film would fade, its popularity during the First World War proved that it was not simply a technical novelty.

○Although some critics predicted well before the First World War that sound film would be an important technical innovation, it was not attempted until the 1920s.

見到第一個(gè)詞Though，我們馬上可以判斷這是一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的句子，對(duì)照四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，發(fā)現(xiàn)第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)和第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是同樣的邏輯關(guān)系。但是，再仔細(xì)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)和第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原句的含義均不符合。這就表明ETS在設(shè)置題目的過程中，并不總是非常顯而易見的，也會(huì)帶有一定的迷惑性。上述的這個(gè)例子，也可以通過just as這個(gè)比較的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇，正確答案是第二個(gè)選項(xiàng)。

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那么，如果遇到邏輯關(guān)系這條路走不通的情況，我們要怎么應(yīng)對(duì)呢?

我們知道，一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子，就像一棵枝繁葉茂的大樹，會(huì)有很多個(gè)枝條，但樹干只有一個(gè)。一個(gè)復(fù)雜的句子，就是因?yàn)槎喑隽撕芏嘈揎椝�的枝條，它才變得復(fù)雜，但它的主干意思卻只有一個(gè)或者兩個(gè)(在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中會(huì)有一個(gè)以上的主干意思)。因此，如何識(shí)別句子的主干及修飾成分就是我們突破長難句簡化題的第二個(gè)法寶。

首先來看看主干結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語的樣子。主語可以由名詞(n)、動(dòng)名詞(doing)、動(dòng)詞不定式(to do)或名詞從句充當(dāng)。當(dāng)主語過長，并且為doing, to do, that+從句時(shí)，為了避免頭重腳輕，主語可以由形式主語It充當(dāng)。找到主語后，再找到與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語動(dòng)詞和賓語(如果有)，那么主干的意思就出來了。

修飾成分主要有狀語和定語。狀語比較好識(shí)別，一般都是通過介詞短語或狀語從句的連接詞(九大狀語從句)引出，用于修飾整個(gè)句子，并且句子的語序與漢語的語序基本一致，理解起來比較容易。所以，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)有介詞短語或狀語從句連接詞連接的句子，我們基本可以認(rèn)定其為一個(gè)修飾成分，暫時(shí)可以不看。定語相對(duì)來說比較復(fù)雜，我們會(huì)在下一篇文章中詳細(xì)探討。識(shí)別出修飾成分后，就可以利用找句子主干的方法解答長難句的問題。如上面舉過的那個(gè)句子：Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound. 這句話中，句子開頭的地方見到了though，我們就可以判斷though后面的這個(gè)句子是個(gè)狀語從句，再向后看找到一個(gè)能做主語的名詞，即為a strain of critical opinion，后面的in the 1920s為介詞短語做狀語，然后我們找到了主句的謂語動(dòng)詞predicted，再向后是一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(因?yàn)槊�詞性從句所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞质蔷渥拥闹鞲沙煞�，所以我們�(cè)诳淳渥訒r(shí)要多關(guān)注名詞性從句的含義)。賓語從句中的主語為sound film，動(dòng)詞為would be，表語為a thchnical novelty，novelty后有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語從句用于修飾novelty。所以，整個(gè)句子的主干就是：a strain of critical opinion predicted that sound film sould be a technical novelty that ……fade from sight。根據(jù)這個(gè)主干的含義，馬上就能選出來答案是第二個(gè)選項(xiàng)some critics in the 1920s believed that the new attempts at sound films would fade，而第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的主干its popularity during the First World War proved that 和第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的主干it was not attempted until the 1920s均與原句不符。所以，利用找句子主干的方法也能夠快速識(shí)別句子的主要含義，有效的完成句子簡化題。

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