外語讓你更加聰明：盤點雙語學(xué)習(xí)的七大優(yōu)勢

Learning a foreign language is more than just a boost to your CV or handy for travelling. It will make you smarter, more decisive and even better at English, says Anne Merritt.

學(xué)外語不僅是豐富你的簡歷或者方便旅行。學(xué)外語會讓你更聰明，更果斷，甚至讓你的母語更棒，語言學(xué)作家安妮梅里特講到。

Physiological studies have found that speaking two or more languages is a great asset to the cognitive process. The brains of bilingual people operate differently than single language speakers, and these differences offer several mental benefits.

生理研究發(fā)現(xiàn)能講兩種或以上的語言對于認(rèn)知過程大有幫助，是一筆莫大的財富。能講兩種語言的人們，其大腦運轉(zhuǎn)方式和只能講一種語言的人是不同的，這種不同，帶來了好些腦力方面的幫助。

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Below are seven cognitive advantages to learning a foreign language. Many of these attributes are only apparent in people who speak multiple languages regularly – if you haven’t spoken a foreign tongue since your A levels, your brain might not be reaping these bilingual benefits. However, people who begin language study in their adult lives can still achieve the same levels of fluency as a young learner, and still reap the same mental benefits, too.

以下是學(xué)習(xí)一門外語的七個認(rèn)知優(yōu)勢。這其中的很多特質(zhì)只適用于頻繁講多種語言的人—如果你在達(dá)到初級水平之后就再也沒講過這門外語，你的大腦可能還沒有抓住這些雙語優(yōu)勢。然而，在成人階段開始語言學(xué)習(xí)的人們?nèi)匀豢梢赃_(dá)到和年少學(xué)生一樣的流利程度，也同樣可以收獲相同的認(rèn)知優(yōu)勢。

You become smarter

變得更聰明

Speaking a foreign language improves the

講外語會迫使你的大腦去識別、調(diào)整語義，并且在不同的語言系統(tǒng)中交流，以此提升大腦的功能。此技能也會幫助你在解決其他問題時懂得調(diào)整。

Students who study foreign languages tend to score better on standardised tests than their monolingual peers, particularly in the categories of maths, reading, and vocabulary.

學(xué)習(xí)外語的學(xué)生，和只會講一種語言的同學(xué)相比，更傾向于在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試中取得更好的成績，尤其是在數(shù)學(xué)、閱讀和詞匯這些范疇。

You build multitasking skills

擁有同時執(zhí)行多項任務(wù)的技能

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Multilingual people, especially children, are skilled at switching between two systems of speech, writing, and structure. According to a study from the Pennsylvania State

University, this “juggling” skill makes them good multitaskers, because they can easily switch between different structures. In one study, participants used a driving simulator while doing separate, distracting tasks at the same time. The research found that people who spoke more than one language made fewer errors in their driving.

能講多種語言的人，尤其是小孩子，擅長在兩種口語、寫作和結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)中轉(zhuǎn)換。賓州州立大學(xué)的一項研究表明，這種“玩戲法”的技能讓他們能夠很棒地同時執(zhí)行多項任務(wù)，因為他們可以輕易地在不同架構(gòu)中轉(zhuǎn)換。在一項研究中，參與者在使用模擬駕駛系統(tǒng)的同時做了其他分散注意力的事情。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)能講多種語言的人在這種駕駛過程中更少出錯。

You stave off Alzheimer’s and dementia

延緩老年癡呆或者其他癡呆癥

Several studies have been conducted on this topic, and the results are consistent. For monolingual adults, the mean age for the first signs of dementia is 71.4. For adults who speak two or more languages, the mean age for those first signs is 75.5. Studies considered factors such as education level, income level, gender, and physical health, but the results were consistent.

針對這一話題開展過多項研究，結(jié)果是一致的。對于只講一種語言的成人，初現(xiàn)癡呆癥狀的平均年齡是71.4。對于能講兩種或者以上語言的成人，平均年齡為75.5。這些研究考慮了諸如教育、收入、性別和身體健康等多方面的因素，但結(jié)果都是一致的。

Your memory improves

提高記憶力

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Educators often liken the brain to a muscle, because it

大腦越用越靈活，所以教育者通常將大腦比作肌肉。學(xué)習(xí)一門語言需要記憶規(guī)則和詞匯，這些有助于鍛煉你的認(rèn)知“肌肉”。這樣的鍛煉會全面提升你的記憶力，這意味著能講多種語言的人更擅長于記憶列表或者次序。研究顯示，雙語學(xué)習(xí)者更擅長記住購物清單、人名和方位。

You become more perceptive

更能明察事理

A study from Spain’s University of Pompeu Fabra revealed that multilingual people are better at observing their surroundings. They are more adept at focusing on relevant information and editing out the irrelevant. They’re also better at spotting misleading information. Is it any surprise that Sherlock Holmes and Hercule Poirot are skilled polyglots?

來自西班牙龐培法布拉大學(xué)的一項研究揭示：講多種語言的人更會觀察他們周圍的環(huán)境。他們更擅長于集中注意力在相關(guān)信息上，同時排除無關(guān)干擾，他們也更擅長于找出迷惑性信息。名偵探夏洛克福爾摩斯和赫爾克里波洛都通曉多種語言，你還覺得驚奇么？

Your decision-making skills improve

更會做決定

According to a study from the University of Chicago, bilinguals tend to make more rational decisions. Any language contains nuance and subtle implications in its vocabulary, and these biases can subconsciously influence your judgment. Bilinguals are more confident with their choices after thinking it over in the second language and seeing whether their initial conclusions still stand up.

據(jù)來自芝加哥大學(xué)的一項研究，能講兩種語言的人傾向于做出更理性的決定。任何語言的詞匯都包含細(xì)微的差別和微妙的暗示，而這些偏差會潛意識地影響你的判斷。能講多種語言的人會用第二語言考慮自己最初的結(jié)論是否成立，之后他們會對自己的決定更加自信。

You improve your English

你的母語也會更棒

Learning a foreign language draws your focus to the mechanics of language: grammar, conjugations, and sentence structure. This makes you more aware of language, and the ways it can be structured and manipulated. These skills can make you a more effective communicator and a sharper editor and writer. Language speakers also develop a better ear for listening, since they’re skilled at distinguishing meaning from discreet sounds.

學(xué)習(xí)外語會將你的注意力集中在語言結(jié)構(gòu)本身：語法，詞形變化和句子結(jié)構(gòu)。這會增強(qiáng)你的語言意識，以及組織和操縱語言的能力。這些技能會讓你成為一個更有效的溝通者，更犀利的編輯和作家。語言學(xué)習(xí)者在這一過程中也成為更好的傾聽者，因為他們擅長于通過嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)陌l(fā)言來區(qū)別不同的意思。

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