標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)----托福閱讀高分必備

標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，看起來微不足道，但是在托福閱讀中卻有著不容忽視的作用----這些不起眼的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)往往會(huì)為我們提供解題的線索。

標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)1. 托福閱讀中的冒號(hào)(colons)

冒號(hào)在中文或英文中都是一個(gè)常見的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，在中英用法上也大致相同。冒號(hào)的主要作用有兩種：一是用在總說性話語(yǔ)或需要解釋的詞語(yǔ)后邊，引起下文的分說或引出解釋和說明；二是引出引語(yǔ)。在托福閱讀中，第一種用法對(duì)于我們理解文章和解題更加重要。例如：

① While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power.

Why does the author mention “Alexander the Great” in the passage?

A. To acknowledge that Greek civilization also expanded by land conquest

B. To compare Greek leaders to Roman leaders

C. To give an example of Greek leader whom Romans studied

D. To indicate the superior organization of the Greek military

解析：這道修辭目的題出自TPO7Ancient Rome and Greece這篇文章，問為什么提到Alexander the Great，修辭目的題的解題關(guān)鍵是弄清前后句子信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系。讀過原句之后，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)句中的冒號(hào)起著解釋說明的作用，其前面的“the contrast is not quite so stark”是個(gè)總說性句子，而后面的內(nèi)容則是對(duì)總說句子的一個(gè)詳細(xì)解釋。這樣知道了冒號(hào)前后內(nèi)容的聯(lián)系之后，也就很容易解出這道目的題的答案A了。

又如：

② Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation.

③ Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices.

解析：以上兩句話都是摘自TPO的文章，句中的冒號(hào)同樣是起著引起下文的分說的作用，分別舉例說明冒號(hào)前面總說詞語(yǔ)four specific activities 和other forms of life.

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標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)2. 托福閱讀中的破折號(hào)(dashes)

破折號(hào)在托福閱讀中也是尤為常見，其主要作用是引入一個(gè)解釋性的插入語(yǔ)，放在插入語(yǔ)的前面或者后面，破折號(hào)中的內(nèi)容一般是對(duì)主句中的某個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行修飾或者解釋，作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)括號(hào)�？忌�就可以利用破折號(hào)之間的解釋來理解主句中的某個(gè)概念。例如：

① This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically.

The word “virtually” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. Clearly

B. Perhaps

C. Frequently

D. Almost

解析：這是TPO 3 Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer 中的一道詞匯題，單詞所在的原句中出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)破折號(hào)，可以判斷破折號(hào)之間的是插入語(yǔ)，且插入語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)了短語(yǔ)“that is”。根據(jù)破折號(hào)的用法，我們可知“that is”后面的內(nèi)容是在解釋破折號(hào)前面的“an almost negligible natural recharge rate”。對(duì)于很多考生來說，“an almost negligible natural recharge rate”是個(gè)很抽象的概念，但是插入語(yǔ)中的信息就能夠幫助其理解這一概念的意思，繼而猜出virtually的意思，也就是D選項(xiàng)almost。

又如：

② Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits' settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.

③ From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level of manganese.

解析：在這兩句話中，破折號(hào)內(nèi)部的信息是同樣是在進(jìn)行解釋和說明，幫助我們理解sedimentation和pigment的這兩個(gè)詞的意思。

另外需要注意的一點(diǎn)是，插入語(yǔ)中的信息雖然能夠幫助考生理解破折號(hào)前面句子的意思，但是也很容易干擾考生對(duì)句子主干的把握�？忌�在遇到這樣的句子時(shí)，可以先忽略破折號(hào)之間的內(nèi)容，直接看第二個(gè)破折號(hào)之后的內(nèi)容。把握句子的主干之后，再返回來看破折號(hào)內(nèi)的插入語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。

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標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)3. 托福閱讀中的圓括號(hào)(parentheses)

英語(yǔ)中，圓括號(hào)最常見的用法是補(bǔ)充說明和解釋生詞，它們不同于逗號(hào)和破折號(hào)的用法，去掉后不會(huì)影響句子的理解，但是括號(hào)內(nèi)的信息同樣對(duì)考生的理解有很大的幫助。例如：

① In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater).

② Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished)， large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents.

③ They sting other insects and large herbivores (animals that eat only plants) and even clip surrounding vegetation that grows near the tree.

解析：以上三句話中的括號(hào)都是在起補(bǔ)充說明的作用，很多考生不認(rèn)識(shí)aquifer, Cretaceous以及herbivores這三個(gè)單詞，但是通過括號(hào)內(nèi)的解釋就可以知其大致意思。

在托福閱讀文章中，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的作用不容小覷，以上文章小編也是選擇了其中比較重要的三個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)詳細(xì)講解。但是通過以上的分析，我們可以得出標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)對(duì)于托福閱讀的重要性。

關(guān)鍵詞：標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào) 作用 托福閱讀 托�？荚�

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