教師托福語(yǔ)法詞匯大講堂（第二課）

句子結(jié)構(gòu)

Chapter Two —— Sentence Structure

1.主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子的主體，一般位于句首，表示句子說(shuō)的是什么人或者什么事情。一般由名詞，代詞，不定式，動(dòng)名詞或從句充當(dāng)。

The girl is pretty.

He is a volunteer.

To see is to believe

Reading is useful.

What is more unbelievable is the fact that he didn’t die.

2.謂語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么，是什么或者怎么樣，由簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)詞或者動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成.謂語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)的方面必須要和主語(yǔ)一致。

They are teachers.

She looks well.

He can speak English.

He studies hard.

He laughed at his classmates.

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3.賓語(yǔ)：是動(dòng)作，行為的對(duì)象，由名詞，代詞，短語(yǔ)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，從句充當(dāng).它和及物動(dòng)詞一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做了什么，在謂語(yǔ)之后。

She plays the piano.

He often helps me.

I like watching TV.

She likes to go to shop this afternoon.

I think that he is a good guy.

注：直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)：英語(yǔ)中，一些及物動(dòng)詞如：give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等，可以帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。一個(gè)指人，叫間接賓語(yǔ);一個(gè)指物，叫直接賓語(yǔ)。

Eg. He gives him the book

(間賓) (直賓)

4. 表語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么，或者怎么樣，由名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，短語(yǔ)，或者從句充當(dāng).表語(yǔ)位于系動(dòng)詞后面。

I am a teacher.

She is happy.

Everybody is here.

They are at home now.

My job is to teach English.

Seeing is believing.

This is what I want

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5. 定語(yǔ)：是用來(lái)說(shuō)明人或事物的品質(zhì)或特征。修飾名詞或代詞。形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，分詞，從句都可以充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)。

The black bike is mine. What’s your name?

I have five books. The boy in the room is Jack.

They made paper flowers. I have something to do.

A sleeping boy. A broken vase.

The girl who is talking is my sister.

注：英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)可以前置，也可以后置。獨(dú)立的單詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，習(xí)慣上放在被修飾的詞之前作前置定語(yǔ);短語(yǔ)或句子(定語(yǔ)從句)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)放在被修飾的詞后面，作后置定語(yǔ)。

6. 狀語(yǔ)：狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞或副詞.它表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，目的，方式，程度等.一般由副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，也可由從句來(lái)充當(dāng)。

I have a dream today.(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))

He did it carefully. (方式狀語(yǔ))

I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))

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7. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的身份，狀態(tài)，特性或所做的動(dòng)作的一種句子成分。一般由名詞，形容詞，不定式，介詞短語(yǔ)和分詞構(gòu)成。

His parents named him Jim.

We found the book very interesting.

Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.

I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.

句子的結(jié)構(gòu)

按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：

1)簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))。

e.g. He often reads English in the morning.

Tom and Mike are American boys.

She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.

2) 并列句：由并列連詞(and, but, for, or, so)或分號(hào)(;)把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。

e.g. You help him and he helps you.

The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。

3)復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句)、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。

e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.

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(其中簡(jiǎn)單句其中二)

其中在簡(jiǎn)單句中英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。

1. S+V→主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(不及物動(dòng)詞)(+狀語(yǔ))

Class begins.

Jim runs in the park.

及物動(dòng)詞后可直接加賓語(yǔ)：buy, catch, invent, found, like,

注：及物和不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別 raise, find, forget

不及物動(dòng)詞后面不可直接接賓語(yǔ)，一般要加介詞后再接賓語(yǔ)：

go, work, listen, look, come

eg.Managers often behave very differently outside the office and in it, even to the same person.

由于世界的工業(yè)化和人口的增長(zhǎng)，水污染問(wèn)題加劇了。

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2. S+V+O→主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(及物動(dòng)詞)+賓語(yǔ)

He enjoys reading.

eg.Children’s extensive exposure to television violence causes greater aggressiveness.

Solving these problems cannot depend on the simple rise in the price of petrol.

3. S+V+IO+DO→主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(及物動(dòng)詞)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)

I bought John a birthday present.

Please tell me your telephone number.

4 .S+V+P→主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)(+狀語(yǔ))

He became a scientist.

They are honest.

5. S+V+O+C (主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ))

The war made him a soldier.

New methods make the job easy.

1.School bullying makes students afraid of going to school.

2.Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists.