托福閱讀備考先知道，四種常見邏輯關系

要想托福閱讀拿高分，邏輯性必須好，以下是托福閱讀四種常見的邏輯關系，希望能幫到大家。

第一種因果關系：

因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with

果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus,consequently, accordingly

因果關系除了傳統(tǒng)意義上的顯性因果表達詞外，隱性的因果同樣是不可忽略的一個重要部分。

隱性因果：

A 導致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for

如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.

在這段話中，有l(wèi)ead to, 表示了導致的意思，即結果; 而so that 更進一步表示了后面的結果，所以可以充分判定這段話有因果關系的邏輯。

B 由…而來(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to

如 “The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.”

在這段話中，根據(jù)result from可以推斷出有因果關系，那如果是解釋句子題時，選項中有因果關系就可以優(yōu)先考慮。

C 反映，體現(xiàn)(果-因): reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show

This result demonstrates that…

D 考慮到: given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to

He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.

E 依賴于: rely on, depend on, resort to,

He resorted to books when he had problems.

F 條件關系：when, once, as soon as, as long as

As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.

G 分詞短語，不定式做狀語

Failing in the final exam, she cried.

第二種對比轉折關系

A 對比：while, whereas, on the other hand

在解釋句子題，插入句子題中，一旦出現(xiàn)對比關系，學生在掌握的基礎上就能非�？焖俚呐卸ň溟g和句內(nèi)的關系。While, whereas 前后連接的是平行結構，on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用來把握句間關系。

B 轉折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

第三種比較關系

A 同級比較 as…as

B 比較級：more…than, -er than, less…than

C 變化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop,progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

D 差異：different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to

E 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over

F 最高級

1)本身有最高級含義：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top

2) 本身程度比較深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high

3) 否定+比較=最高級

No one is more outstanding than him.

從這句話中可以看出，否定加比較表示的是一種最高級關系。

第四種否定關系

顯性否定：no, not, never, nor, none neither

隱形否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of

否定前綴：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-

否定前綴是詞匯題中經(jīng)常出的一個考點，把握否定前綴可以幫助考生把握一些生詞，依靠否定前綴對選項進行一個排除。

雙重否定：not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable

雙重否定是英文中經(jīng)常運用的表達方式，由于在平時中文對話中用的很少，隨意對雙重否定的把握就顯得特別的重要。

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