2014年11月15日托�？谡Z(yǔ)考前預(yù)測(cè)

Task 1

1-1

Describe a job, career or profession which you wish to pursue. Explain why this job is your ideal job. Include reasons and details to support your response.

1-2

Describe the steps, through which you once learned a new thing and explain how you learned it. Please include details and examples in your response.

1-3

Many cities have traffic congestions (traffic jams). What do you think a city should do to deal with traffic jams and why? Include reasons and examples to support your response.

1-4

Describe a special gift you gave to some else. Explain why it is a special gift? Include details to support your explanation.

1-5

A friend of yours is preparing for a presentation. Which way would you recommend your friend should take? To watch experienced speakers' presentations or to practice more in front many people. Explain why? Include reasons and examples to support your response.

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Task 2

2-1

Some people think that government should spend funding to protect the endangered animals. Other people think that the funding should come from private sources only. What is your opinion and why? Include reasons and examples to support your response.

2-2

Some people think that employees should be required to wear formal suits by their bosses. Other people think that employees should be required to wear casual clothes by their bosses. What is your opinion and why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

2-3

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Nowadays, there are more informed about world events than their parents were.

2-4

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? While choosing friends, people should always choose those who have different interests from their own.

2-5

Some people believe that it is better for children to grow up in big cities. Others believe that it is better for children to grow up in small towns or rural areas. What is your opinion and why?

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Task3

3-1

【個(gè)人倡議】：health center的問(wèn)題，文章說(shuō)病入看病通常要等很久，而且即 使等上了，也是一下就檢查完了，因?yàn)獒t(yī)生已經(jīng)overworked 了，所以提出兩 條建議：1、增加醫(yī)生2、要求醫(yī)生周末也上班.

【學(xué)生態(tài)度】：男的反對(duì)說(shuō)，health center太小了，增加醫(yī)生會(huì)使space顯得 更小，不方便.另外，周末在學(xué)校的學(xué)生本來(lái)就不多，大家都回家去happy,而且 也不一定會(huì)生病，沒(méi)必要要求醫(yī)生上班

3-2

【學(xué)校通知】： The university library announced new policy that students can access the journals reference materials via Internet only.

【學(xué)生態(tài)度】： According to the conversation, the man supports the new policy. First it will save much space. He school once planned to expand the library because the space is not enough. But now, it cannot save much money. Second, it will be much more convenient. Students have pc in the dorm.

3-3

【學(xué)校通知】：大學(xué)哲學(xué)院計(jì)劃 host breakfast for students every month and invite professors to talk.

【學(xué)生態(tài)度】 1女生 支持此計(jì)劃 .理由 1、哲學(xué)院提供的早餐每個(gè)月都不一樣，會(huì) 換口味 .女生也非常 滿意，因?yàn)?dining hall的吃太單一，大家不愿意去 .這樣一 來(lái)可以吸引更多學(xué)生吃飯 .理由 2、 他們都不怎么了解老師 .舉辦這個(gè)活動(dòng)可以 給大家機(jī)會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí) faulty,并知道選哪個(gè)老師的課 .

3-4

【學(xué)校通知】：為節(jié)能，大學(xué)計(jì)劃：1、關(guān)掉圖書館的燈，代之以節(jié)能燈.2、調(diào)高空調(diào)air-condition的溫度.

【學(xué)生態(tài)度】: 女生反對(duì)此計(jì)劃.理由1、學(xué)校應(yīng)該把學(xué)校里的很多空教室的燈關(guān) 掉來(lái)達(dá)到節(jié)能的目的.節(jié)能燈太暗，學(xué)生還得自己帶臺(tái)燈.理由2、如果關(guān)掉空 調(diào)，in hot day，圖書館就不夠comfortable,就沒(méi)人去圖書館學(xué)習(xí)了.大家只能在宿舍復(fù)習(xí)了，但是宿舍又太吵，所以難專心復(fù)習(xí)

3-5

【個(gè)人倡議】：一學(xué)生寫倡議書（標(biāo)題是Clean-Up Campus)給校報(bào)提議學(xué)校應(yīng)對(duì)在 校園內(nèi)亂扔垃圾 Litter 的學(xué)生罰款 should impose monetary penalty on students who throw trashes.每人被罰 15 美元 each student must pay 15 dallors fees.好處 1、 make the campus cleaner好處 2、the university can raise extra money.

【學(xué)生態(tài)度】：女生贊成此提議.理由1、她的家鄉(xiāng)hometown以前很臟.通實(shí)行 carry out 類似政策 that kind of policy,她的家鄉(xiāng)變得很干凈 the town became |leaner 理由2、對(duì)亂扔垃圾者罰款，可使校園變得干凈will become cleaner學(xué)�？缮俟蛡蛞� 些清潔工cleansers 掃地，繼而可節(jié)省好多費(fèi)用。

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Task4

4-1

【名詞解釋】：一個(gè)ecosystem中，prey和predator之間的population是相互影響的.

【教授舉例】：以wolves和mice數(shù)量之間互相影響為例，根據(jù)相對(duì)population size 分三個(gè) phases 循環(huán)：

1 Prey (mice)多，predator (wolf)食物充足，（wolf) population 增加D

2 Prey (mice)少 了，predator (wolf)食物減少了，（wolf) population 減少.

3 Population 平衡了

4-2

【名詞解釋】：vertical migration (垂直遷移）：海洋動(dòng)物animals垂直遷徙重復(fù) move up and down in the ocean 有兩個(gè)目的：1、躲避天敵的威脅.2、尋找食物.

【教授舉例】：教授舉了 squid (烏賊，統(tǒng)魚）的例子.晚上when the sunsets, squid 浮到水面 the surface, invisible,覓食 feed on tiny creatures.太陽(yáng)出來(lái)了，烏賊躲到黑暗的水底the bottom,以躲避predators(cause 白天光照強(qiáng)illuminate the surface，光照使得squid可見，可能引來(lái)predator attacks the darkness will protect them from the predators )題目要求解釋為什么海洋動(dòng)物要垂直遷徙.

4-3

【名詞解釋】：interest boosting (興趣激發(fā)）：in class, to boost students’ interest教師為吸引學(xué)生注意力應(yīng)該把一個(gè)學(xué)生覺得沒(méi)有意思的書本內(nèi)容與學(xué)生感興趣的內(nèi)容結(jié)合在一起by showing the material of the subject.

【教授舉例】：教授舉了他妻子wife的例子.教授的妻子是一個(gè)高中教師in an high school.教學(xué)生化學(xué)課teaches，她想tried to跟學(xué)生講有關(guān)居里夫人的故事，但是她的學(xué)生都不感興趣 care about,不能集中精力.后來(lái)改成放一個(gè)關(guān)于居里夫人的電影movie which related to the subject,說(shuō)了 一些他的發(fā)明和故事 because she thinks that students love that movie and the main actor,電影里 popular 的演員，as a result，學(xué)生很愛看，也對(duì)這門課產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣.注意力很容易就集中了 students really paid more attention.

4-4

【名詞解釋】：Human behavior consists of a serial of simple behavior 有一種 教育方法叫behavior chaining (行為鏈鎖）.有時(shí)候教小孩子一件i，把complex activity分解開來(lái)一步一步教， 他們更容易理解掌握.

【教授舉例】：一個(gè)教授教他三歲的女兒如何洗手wash hands.洗手過(guò)程 action分解break down為五個(gè)步驟steps. 1、打開水龍頭 turn on the water; 2、wet the hands; 3、put some soap; 4、rinse hands; 5、turn off the water.教授先一步一步地教女兒分解動(dòng)作，直到她熟悉一個(gè)動(dòng)作后，再教她下一個(gè)動(dòng)作.最后把所有動(dòng)作連接起來(lái)，他女兒就學(xué)會(huì)如何洗手了

4-5

【名詞解釋】：passive blabla (X)意思是：有些人總認(rèn)為會(huì)發(fā)生壞事outcome is negative in the future,所以這些人一般都會(huì)特別努力提前做好潘備，以避免最后的壞結(jié)果

【教授舉例】1教授舉了例子來(lái)闡明這個(gè)原理.教授有一次，跟一事一起去紐約參加 會(huì)議.機(jī)場(chǎng)出發(fā)每個(gè)人都托運(yùn)了行李suitcase,但是下飛機(jī)后，他們的suitcase丟了，不能及時(shí)送到.他的那個(gè)同事就是那種經(jīng)常想壞結(jié)果的人.他提前預(yù)料到了各種可能會(huì)發(fā)條的情況，所以他準(zhǔn)備了 extra clothes in his carry on bag而且也把所有重要 資料都放在了 carry on bag里了.教授自己屬于不會(huì)想象壞結(jié)果的那種人，所以他就什么都沒(méi)帶，只能臨時(shí)買衣服、重新打印重要資料.

Task5

5-1

【學(xué)生困難】：男生今晚得去visit museum找資料完成art class論文（明天 museum將被closed),但他晚上又要上課.

【解決方案】：女生建議：1.miss the class tonight，去museum回頭借同學(xué) 筆記抄.2、to talk with professor of art to postpone the due date.男生說(shuō)教授會(huì)生氣.描述男生遇到的困難，女生給的兩個(gè)建議，你的建議及理由.

5-2

【學(xué)生困難】：男生Sam is in charge of the classic movie dub.這星期他還邀請(qǐng)到一個(gè)教授在放映一部電影前介紹這部電影，但教授因?yàn)榧依锱R時(shí)有急事family emergency, canceled這個(gè) lecture.

【解決方案】男生自己想了兩個(gè)方案：方案1、推遲放映reschedule,但男生怕好多學(xué)生，因臨時(shí)沒(méi)看到通知，還是來(lái)參加這個(gè)活動(dòng)了.方案2、男生自己準(zhǔn)備材料，給同學(xué)介紹這部電影，但就會(huì)少了 Q&A環(huán)節(jié)，因?yàn)樗麤](méi)辦法回答學(xué)生問(wèn)題.

5-3

【學(xué)生困難】：男生明天要去參加一個(gè)job interview.可是他把西裝suit落他父母家了.

【解決方案】：男生自己說(shuō)出兩個(gè)方案：方案1、借室友roommate的西裝.男生說(shuō)roommate的西裝不合身，有點(diǎn)兒big Looks sluggish.如果穿roommate的西裝去參加面試，可能會(huì)給會(huì)招聘官留一個(gè)不好的impression.方案2、去商店買一套新的.男生說(shuō)挺貴的.他想攢錢買輛自行車bike.如果買了衣服就沒(méi)錢買車了.

5-4

【學(xué)生困難】女生想把她媽媽的車停在校園，但她忘了她媽車沒(méi)有停車證 parking permit怕吃罰單 parking tickets.可她馬上考試了 late for an exam.

【解決方案】男生給她兩個(gè)方案：方案1、馬上把她的車從停車場(chǎng)到街上去.方案 2、就把它停在那兒，反正就一小時(shí)just leave the car there for a few hours,看車的工 作人員未必能發(fā)notice就算被發(fā)現(xiàn)了，罰也就是罰一點(diǎn)錢pay the ticket.女生擔(dān)心 要花很多錢.

5-5

【學(xué)生困難】：男生本打算這周末回家給母親慶祝生日，但paper要交,沒(méi)寫完. 【解決方案】?jī)煞桨�。方�?、不回了，爹媽能理解.方案2、帶著paper回，兩不誤. 轉(zhuǎn)述女生困難方案，你的建議及理由

Task6

6-1

【講課要點(diǎn)】：Reinforcement is a method to change one's behavior, reinforcement 分 positive reinforcement 和 negative reinforcement 兩種.教授 舉例：You must get up early to go work,不喜歡早起，為讓自己早起，有兩種辦法：positive: add sth make you happy.要么給 giving 自己 positive reward，You can reward yourself by delicious breakfast,就可讓自己早起.

Negative: remove sth that make you unhappy.要么 remove negative things, change the shower time, which you feel uncomfortable, to evening,這樣也就不會(huì)那么討厭早起了.

6-2

【講課要點(diǎn)】：女教授講古人類early human為了保暖、為了嚇跑動(dòng)物，要使 火不滅to keep the fire burning的方法有兩種手段two ways:手段1、 technological knowledge,當(dāng)閃電擊中樹木著火之后，古又類發(fā)現(xiàn)圍在火邊很 暖和.但沒(méi)過(guò)多久，木頭燒完后火就滅了 fire die out.當(dāng)他們偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)木頭wood 其實(shí)是一種fuel讓火一直燃燒.要keep fire burning,就要往火里不停加木頭 add wood.手段2、social skills,如果大家同時(shí)睡覺的話，火就會(huì)滅掉.大家輪 流看守火種（一些人去sleep 了，另一些人就照看著處）加木頭take turns to look after title fire to keep it burning all the time.

6-3

【講課要點(diǎn)】：讓你更享受repeated activities or experiences有兩個(gè)ways: Way 1、 第一，將行為多樣化。徒步愛好者如果一直在同一片森林走同一個(gè)路線可能會(huì)覺得無(wú)聊.如果他選擇不同的路線，徒步會(huì)一直都有意思.Way2、通過(guò)改變你做那件事的頻率.喜歡吃冰淇凌，天天吃會(huì)覺得不好吃了，如果兩周才吃一次會(huì)覺得仍然可口。

6-4

【講課要點(diǎn)】:Marine animals protect themselves by producing lights. There are 2 ways:方式一、sudden flash bright light：舉例:When they are under attack, deep-sea shrimps will give a short period bright light to frighten the attackers, and deep-sea shrimps can escape方式二、constant flash bright light：例子：

Since their predators always hunt animals by judging dark shades, hatchet fish give constant light to make themselves seem like sunshine. By doing this, their predators can hardly find them.

6-5

Children的social skills是怎么培養(yǎng)的。1. 3-4歲的時(shí)候雖然在一起玩，但是是做不同的事。比如用block玩的時(shí)候，有一個(gè)可能拼車，有的可能干其他的什么（忘了）。2. 5-6歲的時(shí)候，孩子一起玩就是corporation了，比如玩block 的時(shí)候，很多人交談，然后一起決定要怎么建這個(gè)房子。

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