SAT真題解析：培養(yǎng)科學(xué)思考方式

小編希望通過這篇文章為同學(xué)們提供一種思考方式，大家可以沿襲這種模式（包含“文章短記”、“核心詞匯”、“難題剖析”三個(gè)方面）對(duì)SAT OG 和真題文章進(jìn)行整理，這樣能夠保證全面鍛煉篇章閱讀所需的各種技能，離高分更進(jìn)一步。

 

本文分為三個(gè)部分：

 

1. 文章短記：簡要介紹本次考試篇章閱讀的文章情況。

 

2. 核心詞匯：收錄文章中影響理解的部分重點(diǎn)詞匯，并附上英文解釋以供參考。

 

3. 難題剖析：通過對(duì)本次考試中兩道難題的剖析，向同學(xué)們展示最終選出正確答案前，有效的分析步驟是什么。

 

文章短記

 

單短篇1：

 

文體：議論

 

主題：西班牙語與英語的結(jié)合

 

語言難度：4 （難詞率高）

 

難題：9 （感情色彩判斷，線索隱晦）

 

單短篇2：

 

文體：散文

 

主題：休斯頓火箭中心的衰落與周邊景觀的變化

 

語言難度：3

 

難題：12（干擾項(xiàng)E，有過度推導(dǎo)嫌疑）

 

單長篇：（70 行）

 

文體：散文

 

主題：黑人回憶種族隔離時(shí)期作為少年/ 少女的自己的閱讀經(jīng)歷與精神體驗(yàn)

 

語言難度：3

 

難題：18（類比題，類比雙方涉及的因素較多）；22（干擾項(xiàng)使用一個(gè)易混詞，將區(qū)分度降至很低）

 

短對(duì)比：

 

P1 論點(diǎn)：博客作為新的新聞媒體，比傳統(tǒng)的新聞媒體更優(yōu)越，因其有互動(dòng)性。

 

P2 論點(diǎn)：博客與傳統(tǒng)新聞媒體無區(qū)別，因其快節(jié)奏的新聞更替，故擅長發(fā)布新聞，不擅長開發(fā)新的想法，更不適用于學(xué)術(shù)界。

 

難題：8（通過高頻詞原則把握P2 的核心主旨）

 

中長篇1：（50 行）

 

文體：說明

 

主題：巖石滲水性的過程分析

 

語言：3（與托福接近）

 

難題：14（演繹題，線索為原文圈定范圍的最后一句，比較難找）

 

中長篇2：（64 行）

 

文體：散文（前半段記敘體，后半段議論體）

 

主題：作者回憶兒時(shí)的房車給

 

自己和家庭帶來的體驗(yàn)，并聯(lián)想與丈夫共同探討人類基因的流動(dòng)性

 

語言難度：4（生活類名詞較多）

 

難題：16（作用題，涉及幽默）；

 

24（題目思路不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，原文證據(jù)匱乏）

 

長對(duì)比：

 

P1：（語言難度：3）

 

主旨：大學(xué)因商業(yè)化正失去自己的獨(dú)立性

 

A. 大學(xué)與商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)的合作正違背自己的學(xué)術(shù)精神價(jià)值觀

 

B. 大學(xué)教育‘產(chǎn)品’的服務(wù)化使得學(xué)生無心向?qū)W，教授的職業(yè)精神遭受挑戰(zhàn)

 

P2：（語言難度：3）

 

主旨：

 

A． 大學(xué)的商業(yè)化在歷史上已有先例，屬于經(jīng)常發(fā)生的現(xiàn)象

 

B． 然而今天的大學(xué)商業(yè)化并不比歷史上嚴(yán)重，因?yàn)槊總�(gè)時(shí)代的大學(xué)中總有一股學(xué)者的力量抵制著商業(yè)化，保存著大學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)的獨(dú)立精神

 

難題：8（原文相關(guān)信息少，證據(jù)模糊）；

 

9（證明題，抓住原文命題的主要概念）；

 

10（細(xì)節(jié)題，考察熟詞僻義）；

 

14（功能題，考察讓步結(jié)構(gòu)）；

 

19（主旨關(guān)系題，考察單詞的準(zhǔn)確理解）

 

核心詞匯

 

單短篇1

 

    ubiquitous : present ,appearing, or found everywhere amalgam: a mixture or blend endorse: declare one's public approval or support of:stagnant: (of a body of water or the atmosphere of a confined space) having no current or flow and often having an  unpleasant smell as a consequence inexplicable: unable to be explained or accounted for

 

單短篇2

 

ambience: the character and atmosphere of a place dismantle: take (a machine or structure) to pieces beckon: make a gesture with the hand, arm, or head to encourage someone to come nearer or follow

 

單長篇

 

segregate: set apart from the rest or from each other; isolate or divide ravenous: extremely hungry alight: (of a bird) descend from the air and settle execrable: extremely bad or unpleasant amiss : not quiteright ;inappropriate or out of place rectify: put something right ; correct impose: force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place gory: involving or showing violence and bloodshed genre: a category of artistic composition, as in musicor literature , characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

 

短對(duì)比

 

arena: a place or scene of activity, debate, or conflict freewheeling: acting without concern for rules, conventions, or the consequences of one's actions egalitarian: of, relating to, or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities chew over: discuss or consider something at length

 

中長篇1

 

porous: (of a rock or other material) having minute spaces or holes through which liquid or air may pass.insinuate: slide (oneself or a thing) slowly and smoothly into a position crevice: a narrow opening or fissure, esp. in a rock or wall. ensue: happen or oc cur afterward or as a result façade: the face of a building,esp. the principal front that looks onto a street or open space crumble: break or fall apart into small fragments, esp. over a period of time as part of a process of deterioration salt-impregnated: soaked or saturated with salt

 

中長篇2

 

miniature: (esp. of a replica of something) of a much smaller size than normal; very small upholstery: soft, padded textile covering that is fixed to furniture such as armchairs and sofas. squint: look at someone or something with one or both eyes partly closed in an attempt to see more clearly or as a reaction to strong light beige: a pale sandy  yellowishbrown color thrall: the state of being in  someone's power or having great power over someone tip-tap: an alternating light knocking or tapping contour: an outline, esp. one representing or bounding the shape or form of something sweeping: wide in range or effect fatalistic: the belief that all events are predetermined and therefore inevitable. anticlimax: a disappointing end to an exciting or impressive series of events play down: make (something) appear less important than it really is grudge: a persistent feeling of ill will or resentment resulting from a past insult or injury

 

長對(duì)比

 

egregious: outstandingly bad;shocking mandate: an official order or commission to do something at odds: in conflict or at variance clause: a particular and separate article, stipulation, or proviso in a treaty, bill, or contract. veto: a constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law-making body ordeal: a painful or horrific experience, esp. a protracted one infringement: the action of limiting or undermining something self-righteous: having or characterized by a certainty, esp. an unfounded one, that one is totally correct or morally superior smug: having or showing an excessive pride in oneself or one's achievements serene: calm, peaceful, and untroubled; tranquil lament: express one's deep grief utilitarian: designed to be useful or practical rather than attractive ingrain: firmly fix or establish (a habit, belief, or attitude) in a person dividend: a sum of money paid regularly (typically quarterly) by a company to its shareholders out of its profits (or reserves).undertaking: a formal pledge or promise to do something idiosyncratic: of or relating to idiosyncrasy; peculiar or individual

 

特殊用法：

 

disinterested: not influenced by considerations of personal advantage bent: a natural talent or inclination brave : endureorface

 

(unpleasant conditions or behavior)without showing fear divine: discover (something)by guesswork or intuition fault: an extended break in a body of rock, marked by the relative displacement and discontinuity of strata on either side of a particular surface. weather : we a r awa y o r change the appearance or texture of (something) by long exposure tothe air sport: wear or display (a distinctive or noticeable item)frequent: visit (a place) oftenor habitually

 

難題剖析

 

一、

 

單短篇1：

 

西班牙語與英語的結(jié)合，Question 9

 

9. The author of the passage regards the “hybrid” (line 9) as something

 

(A) inexplicable (B) ingenious(C) ludicrous (D) ominous (E)unfortunate

 

    原文句：A sign of the growing Latino presence in the United States is the astonishingly creative amalgam spoken by many people of Hispanic descent in major cities and in rural areas as well: neither Spanish nor English, but a hybrid known as Spanglish .

 

解析： 本題為態(tài)度題。態(tài)度題為議論文中專司作者立場的題型，核心要點(diǎn)為尋找感情色彩詞。

 

   本題常誤選A，因本句的下兩句是‘The term is controversial, and so is its impact. Purists refuse to endorse Spanglish as a vehicle of communication; they regard speech as stagnant, when in truth it undergoes eternal renovation.’選A 的同學(xué)認(rèn)為，既然‘混種語’這個(gè)概念頗具爭議，且從下句話中可看出這個(gè)概念內(nèi)部的矛盾性，則可以理解‘inexplicable’（不可解釋的）。但這是一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)。

 

    SAT 閱讀中最大的學(xué)問在于干擾項(xiàng)的排除，即在‘剩余兩個(gè)符合了多種原文條件的選項(xiàng)之間做最后的選擇’�；�本的步驟是，1. 仔細(xì)檢查是否有原文誤讀；2. 仔細(xì)檢查是否有選項(xiàng)誤讀；3. 劃出兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中最具關(guān)鍵性的詞匯；4. 將劃出的詞匯進(jìn)行比較，原文中線索越明顯的越正確；5. 若以上步驟還不能排除，則選擇與全文主旨邏輯最吻合的選項(xiàng)。

 

     我們來比較A 和B：‘ 不可解釋的’和‘天才的’，與原文進(jìn)行比對(duì)。支撐‘ 不可解釋的’ 之證據(jù)來源于后一句， 且從‘ 矛盾的’得出‘不可解釋的’需要一定的推理步驟；支撐‘天才的’之證據(jù)來源于本句，線索為‘驚人地具有創(chuàng)意的混合體’（astonishingly creative  amalgam）。比較后我們認(rèn)為B 優(yōu)于A， 因?yàn)?. amalgam是hybrid 之同義替換；2. creative對(duì)應(yīng)ingenious 時(shí)基本可以算同義替換， 不需要推理步驟；3.creative 與ingenious 同屬褒義詞，這一點(diǎn)符合態(tài)度題的考察技能。故B 的線索比A 明顯，選擇B。

 

二、單長篇：

 

     黑人回憶種族隔離的時(shí)期作為少年/ 少女的自己的閱讀經(jīng)歷與精神體驗(yàn)，Question 22。

 

22. The author mentions“ Agatha  Christie ’ s Mi s sMarple” (line 64) in order to

 

(A) liken a real person to afictional character

 

(B) substantiate a point abouta literary genre

 

(C) show how his tastes hadchanged when he returned to reading mysteries

 

(D)exemplify how a detective's methods are presented in mystery novels

 

(E) identify a unique character in mystery novels

 

      原文句：Many mystery novels have older women as detectives—Agatha Christie’s Miss Marple being the most well known. There is no other literary genre in which older women are treated with such dignity, respect, and love.

 

      解析：本題為功能題，宗旨是考察學(xué)生對(duì)以句子和段落為單位的文本之寫作邏輯的理解。要點(diǎn)在于抓住考察句與前后句的邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)，并在選項(xiàng)中選出相應(yīng)的詞匯即可。許多同學(xué)會(huì)在B 和E 之間徘徊。

 

比較：

 

     B = substantiate a point about a literary genre 支撐證據(jù) = a point 指代前句話‘Many mystery novels have older women as detectives’�？梢哉J(rèn)為這句話使用many mystery novels 作為主語，具有明顯的概括功能（generalization），故而稱為a point 也沒錯(cuò)。同時(shí)literary genre指代mystery novels，且在下句話原文重現(xiàn)。

 

     E = identify a unique character in mystery novels 支撐證據(jù) = a unique character 同樣可以指代前一句話‘identify a unique character in mystery novels’，將其視為‘神秘小說的一種特點(diǎn)’。同時(shí)mystery novels 是原文重現(xiàn)。

 

 ‘原文重現(xiàn)’原本是一種姑且可以嘗試的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。假設(shè)AB 兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，說的意思差不多，同學(xué)不能讀出區(qū)別，則可以嘗試排除掉重現(xiàn)原文單詞或詞組的那個(gè)選項(xiàng)，原因是干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置有時(shí)會(huì)采用重復(fù)原文單詞，但改換其單詞的含義這種做法。

 

     但是在本題中，兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有原文重現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象，不容易從中判斷。那么這道題看來兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的性質(zhì)非常接近，到底該選誰呢？難道題目出的不嚴(yán)密？本次考試中的確有出的不嚴(yán)密的題目，但不是這一道�；仡櫼幌挛覀兦懊嫠�說的判斷，有一條其實(shí)并未做好：‘仔細(xì)檢查是否有選項(xiàng)誤讀’。看出來了么？其實(shí)E 選項(xiàng)根本不是我們理解的那個(gè)意思。

 

     出題人從學(xué)生的語料庫中掌握到， 不少學(xué)生不能正確區(qū)分character 和characteristic。單以名詞性質(zhì)而論，前者的意思是1. 人的品格；2. 漢字；3. 角色。后者的意思就一個(gè)：特點(diǎn)。許多學(xué)生看到character，加上本題的語境影響，先入為主地認(rèn)為這是‘特點(diǎn)’的意思，導(dǎo)致判斷的依據(jù)出現(xiàn)偏差。所以E 選項(xiàng)的意思并不是‘確定神秘小說的一種特點(diǎn)’，而是‘確定多部神秘小說中的一個(gè)人物’。這種指代不明的干擾項(xiàng)，明顯不是針對(duì)邏輯誤區(qū)而設(shè)置的，而是針對(duì)語言點(diǎn)‘character vs. characteristic’而設(shè)置的。尾記詞匯是思考的基本單位。SAT需要即將進(jìn)入美國大學(xué)1、2 年級(jí)接受通識(shí)教育的各位candidate 具備較強(qiáng)的‘精準(zhǔn)思考’技能。這意味著許多詞匯所代表的概念，不管外延還是內(nèi)涵，都需要同學(xué)們有比較明確的認(rèn)識(shí)。比如長對(duì)比19 題的正確選項(xiàng)里有一個(gè)詞是development。

 

選項(xiàng)句是’critical of a current development, whereas Passage 2 places that development in its historical context’。下面是兩個(gè)development 相關(guān)的定義：

 

• a new and refined product or idea: the latest developments in information technology.

 

• an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation: I don't think there have been any new developments since yesterday.