托福獨立寫作技巧：舉例篇

舉例（examplification）是托福獨立寫作的重要手法，甚至被列入官方評分標準中。但許多考生對于如何恰當?shù)呐e例并不熟悉。一般而言，舉例的具體操作方法分為以下兩種：

1. 粗例：粗獷的例子

“粗例”即一類人、物或事，或一個公認事實的例子，也就是多數(shù)人都能認可的信息。尋找這類例子的時候比較輕松，只要在觀點中找出可以繼續(xù)細化的重點信息然后narrow down就可以了。

觀點1： Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants.
　　粗例1：International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.
　　粗例可以建立“面”對“線”的關系，但需要注意不能太空洞，同時也要控制使用的量。同時，粗例需要搭配因果分析、比較論證來使用，才能使整個段落更有血肉。

2. 細例：細致的例子

“細例”就是具體到一個人、一個物，或一件事，可以是實際存在的（包括家人、朋友、自己和身邊發(fā)生的事，以及名人軼事），也可以無中生有。這類例子使托福寫作更加鮮活，更有說服力，通常也有更長的篇幅。平時有意識地積累并靈活聯(lián)系，寫起這類例子來才會更加得心應手。

觀點2：Mistakes serve as vivid, sometimes painful deterrents from certain action.
　　細例2：A friend of mine suffering from smoking-induced lung disease would remember the emotional and physical pain associated with the side-effects of tobacco usage. Not only does he recall the smell of hospitals, the imprint of pain on the face of someone who died from smoking, but he would also link these memories immediately with cigarettes.

觀點3：You cannot judge a person only by his or her appearance.
　　細例3：Susan Boyle is one of those. Such an appearance has long been rumored, but her incredible voice and stunning performance on BGT has won her great popularity.

值得注意的是，細例在題材上可以看做是一小段記敘文，因此必須符合記敘文的基本要素要求，如提供時間、地點、人物等背景信息，寫清楚事件發(fā)生的起因、經(jīng)過、結(jié)果。換言之，細例應當具備足夠的細節(jié)信息，使例子內(nèi)容顯得豐富生動，否則就會缺乏足夠的說服力。

此外，細例的無中生有的一種形式就是假設論證，常用if, supposing等開頭。

觀點4：Individuals play a significant role in alleviating traffic congestion.
　　細例4：If 30 people get on a public bus instead of 30 individual cars, there will be far fewer automobiles on the road, greatly easing the traffic burden.

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