托福TPO45閱讀Passage 1真題解析

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托福TPO45閱讀Passage 1真題解析

The Beringian landscape was very different from what it is today. ■ Broad, windswept valleys; glaciated mountains; sparse vegetation; and less moisture created a rather forbidding land mass. ■ This land mass supported herds of now-extinct species of mammoth, bison, and horse and somewhat modern versions of caribou, musk ox, elk, and saiga antelope. ■ These grazers supported in turn a number of impressive carnivores, including the giant short-faced bear, the saber-tooth cat, and a large species of lion. ■

3. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of the Beringian landscape EXCEPT.

A.There was little vegetation.
B.The mammal species there all survived into modern versions.
C.The climate was drier than it is today.
D.There were mountains with glaciers.

正確答案：B
題目分析：該題考察考生對細(xì)節(jié)信息的掌握，考生需要明確讀懂原文信息然后與選項(xiàng)比對。本段敘述了Beringian過去的狀況：氣候，地形，植被，水分，動(dòng)物物種。期中關(guān)于動(dòng)物物種的描述“now－extinct”與B選項(xiàng)“all survived into modern versions”矛盾。

4. The purpose of paragraph 3 is to

A.contrast today’s Beringian landscape with other landscapes in the American continent
B.describe the Beringian landscape during the last ice age
C.explain why so many Beringian species became extinct during the last ice age
D.summarize the information about Beringia that historians agree on

正確答案：B
題目分析：段落目的，考察考生對段落main idea的概括和該段落在文中的作用。段首句首先提出Beringian過去與現(xiàn)在是不一樣的，然后引出對過去狀況的描述，下一段進(jìn)一步說明過去的自然狀況使古生物學(xué)家DG提出某種猜想。A錯(cuò)在找錯(cuò)了比較的對象，不是與other landscapes in the American continent比較；C錯(cuò)在原文沒有“explain why…”；D錯(cuò)在原文不是對歷史學(xué)家的信息的概括。

The presence of mammal species that require grassland vegetation has led Arctic biologist Dale Guthrie to argue that while cold and dry, there must have been broad areas of dense vegetation to support herds of mammoth, horse, and bison. Further, nearly all of the ice-age fauna had teeth that indicate an adaptation to grasses and sedges; they could not have been supported by a modern flora of mosses and lichens. Guthrie has also demonstrated that the landscape must have been subject to intense and continuous winds, especially in winter. He makes this argument based on the anatomy of horse and bison, which do not have the ability to search for food through deep snow cover. They need landscapes with strong winds that remove the winter snows, exposing the dry grasses beneath. Guthrie applied the term “ mammoth steppe" to characterize this landscape.

6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.According to biologist Dale Guthrie, mammal species require broad areas of vegetation to survive.
B.Dale Guthrie is an Arctic biologist who argued that broad areas of dense vegetation were surely enough to attract mammals such as mammoth, horse, and bison to Beringia.
C.Dale Guthrie argued that Beringia, though cold and dry, must have had enough dense vegetation to support the herds of mammoth, horse, and bison that lived there.
D.As long as Beringia was cold and dry, argued Dale Guthrie, dense vegetation grew in order to support the herds of mammoth, horse, and bison—the mammal species present there.

正確答案：C
題目分析：句子簡化題考查本段落第一句話的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。食草哺乳動(dòng)物的出現(xiàn)，致使DG認(rèn)為：即便氣候干冷，一定會(huì)有足夠的植被供養(yǎng)大型食草動(dòng)物”。

7. According to paragraph 4，Guthrie believes that the teeth of ice-age fauna support which of the following conclusions?

A.Large mammals would not have been able to survive in the Beringian landscape.
B.Grasslands were part of the Beringian landscape.
C.Strong winds exposed dry grasses under the snow.
D.Horses and bison did not have the ability to search for food through deep snow cover..

正確答案：B
題目分析：考查學(xué)生定向?qū)ふ倚畔⒌哪芰�。尋找原文中對teeth of ice-age fauna的描述，“Further, nearly all the ice-age fauna had teeth that…grass and sedges”。

8. According to paragraph 4，which of the following statements is true of the relationship between ice- age Benngian animals and their environment?

A.When present in sufficient quantities, lichens and mosses provide enough nutrients to satisfy the needs of herds of large mammals.
B.The anatomy of certain animals present in that environment provides information about the intensity of winds there at that time.
C.The structure of the teeth of most ice-age fauna indicates that they preyed on animals such as the mammoth, horse, and bison.
D.Horses and bison are large enough that their feet can easily penetrate deep snow and uncover areas where they can feed on plant material.

正確答案：B
題目分析：本題考查學(xué)生對細(xì)節(jié)信息的理解和對細(xì)節(jié)信息的歸納總結(jié)。“Guthire  has also demonstrated that the landscape ….He makes his argument on the …They need the landscape with strong wind …”G 通過一些動(dòng)物的特征判斷出當(dāng)時(shí)的氣候條件，比如這些動(dòng)物沒有尋找深雪下的事物的能力，說明當(dāng)?shù)赜写箫L(fēng)，使得深雪無法形成。

In contrast, Paul Colinvaux has offered a counterargument based on the analysis of pollen in lake sediments dating to the last ice age. He found that the amount of pollen recovered in these sediments is so low that the Beringian landscape during the peak of the last glaciation was more likely to have been what he termed a "polar desert," with little or only sparse vegetation, in no way was it possible that this region could have supported large herds of mammals and thus, human hunters. Guthrie has argued against this view by pointing out that radiocarbon analysis of mammoth, horse, and bison bones from Beringian deposits revealed that the bones date to the period of most intense glaciation.

9. In paragraph 5, the amount of pollen in Beringian lake sediments from the last ice age is used to explain

A.how long the ice age lasted
B.how important pollen is as a source of food
C.how many different kinds of plants produce pollen
D.how little vegetation must have been present at that time

正確答案：D
題目分析：本題考查學(xué)生對定向信息的理解和paraphrase。Paul Colivaux 根據(jù)對pollen的分析提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)——當(dāng)?shù)厥?ldquo;polar dessert”，說明植被不多。

10. According to paragraph 5, how did Dale Guthrie use the information about radiocarbon analysis of bones from Benngian deposits?

A.To suggest that Colinvaux should have used different methods to measure the amount of pollen in ice-age lake sediments
B.To argue that the large Beringian mammals must have eaten plants that produce little, if any, pollen
C.To show that the conclusions that Colinvaux drew from the analysis of pollen in ice-age lake sediments cannot be correct
D.To explain why so-called polar deserts are incapable of supporting such large animals as mammoth, horse, and bison

正確答案：C 

The argument seemed to be at a standstill until a number of recent studies resulted in a spectacular suite of new finds. The first was the discovery of a 1,000-square-kilometer preserved patch of Beringian vegetation dating to just over 17,000 years ago—the peak of the last ice age The plants were preserved under a thick ash fall from a volcanic eruption. Investigations of the plants found grasses, sedges, mosses, and many other varieties in a nearly continuous cover, as was predicted by Guthrie. But this vegetation had a thin root mat with no soil formation, demonstrating that there was little long-term stability in plant cover, a finding supporting some of the arguments of Colinvaux. A mixture of continuous but thin vegetation supporting herds of large mammals is one that seems plausible and realistic with the available data.

12. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 6 ?

A.Two contrasting views are presented, and a study that could decide between them is proposed
B.An argument is offered, and reasons both for and against the argument are presented
C.A claim is made, and a study supporting the claim is described
D.New information is presented, and the information is used to show that two competing explanations can each be seen as correct in some way.

正確答案：D

The Beringian landscape was very different from what it is today. ■ Broad, windswept valleys; glaciated mountains; sparse vegetation; and less moisture created a rather forbidding land mass. ■ This land mass supported herds of now-extinct species of mammoth, bison, and horse and somewhat modern versions of caribou, musk ox, elk, and saiga antelope. ■ These grazers supported in turn a number of impressive carnivores, including the giant short-faced bear, the saber-tooth cat, and a large species of lion. ■

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Nevertheless, large animals managed to survive in Beringia.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

正確答案：B

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