TPO45綜合寫作精講（附綜寫聽力文本哦）

本次精講的內(nèi)容大概分為這么三個(gè)部分：1、對(duì)于閱讀聽力文本的精講詳細(xì)分析；2、對(duì)于理解會(huì)意后改寫方式的詳細(xì)講解；3、對(duì)于如何組織寫作的思路的詳細(xì)分享。好了，引言先這么多了，我們來看看閱讀和聽力文本吧。

一、閱讀文本和精講：

1、閱讀文本：

Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.

No Fossils of Actual Bees

First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.

Absence of Flowering Plants

A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.

Structures Lack Some Details

Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.

2、閱讀精講：

首先我把閱讀中一些可能同學(xué)們認(rèn)為比較難的單詞標(biāo)紅了，我們先解釋一下單詞部分，在整體討論一下文本內(nèi)容。

Fossil化石
Fossilize 使（變成）化石
Resemble 相似
Skeptic 懷疑論者，無神論者（本文中的意思是懷疑論者）
Absence 缺少，缺失，缺席
Exclusively 唯一排他專有的
Mutually 互相的互助的
Dependent 依賴的，從屬的（本文中出現(xiàn)的是mutually dependent互相以來的意思）
Association 關(guān)聯(lián)，聯(lián)合
Chamber 室，腔，房間，會(huì)所（本文中出現(xiàn)的是nest chamber蜂窩的意思）
Spiral 螺旋形的
Pattern 模式，圖形（本文中出現(xiàn)的是spiral pattern螺旋模式）
Wood-boring beetles 鉆木甲蟲

在單詞之后，接下來大體分析一下閱讀文本的段落重點(diǎn)信息：

第一段：本段大體交代了一個(gè)背景是在美國(guó)西南部亞利桑那州一個(gè)2億年的化石樹里有一個(gè)類似蜂窩的化石結(jié)構(gòu)存在，由此展開了關(guān)于2億年前是否有蜜蜂的討論。閱讀持反對(duì)觀點(diǎn)并給出了三個(gè)反對(duì)理由。

第二段：本段主要強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)化石沒有蜜蜂遺體而推斷蜜蜂2億年前不存在，而且提及了另外一個(gè)證據(jù)是最早的蜜蜂遺體的化石目前現(xiàn)存的是1億年前。

第三段：本段主要強(qiáng)調(diào)在2億年的時(shí)期里沒有花卉植物存在而推斷蜜蜂也不存在，給出的具體理由是蜜蜂和花卉植物是互相依存的排他互利關(guān)系，同時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)在1.25億年前才有花卉植物，所以不太可能2億年前有蜜蜂。

第四段：本段主要強(qiáng)調(diào)跟現(xiàn)在的蜂窩比，這個(gè)類似蜂窩的化石在結(jié)構(gòu)上也是不一致的，具體說明了現(xiàn)代蜂窩是螺旋式的帶有蓋子的結(jié)構(gòu)，而這個(gè)化石更可能像是鉆木甲蟲制造出來的結(jié)構(gòu)。

二、聽力文本和精講：

1、聽力文本：

目前市面上還沒有新TPO40-48的綜合寫作聽力文本，新通教育在新TPO的綜合聽力文本也算是行業(yè)首發(fā)，同學(xué)們?cè)谟辛寺犃ξ谋竞罂赡芨�便于大家理解聽力�?nèi)容來組織寫作。以下是新通教育陜西專屬的聽力文本，歡迎同學(xué)們精聽使用。

It’s perfectly possible that the nests founded inside the fossilized trees were made by bees 200 million years ago. The arguments used by the skeptics are not convincing.

First, it’s true we have no fossil remains of actual bees that date to 200 million years ago, but maybe the reason for that is that bees cannot be preserved as fossil at that time. Fossil bees have typically been preserved in fossilized tree resin, a sticky liquid produced by trees. However, trees with this type of resin were very rare 200 million years ago. Such trees became common much later, so the fact we have no bee remains that are 200 million years old doesn’t mean that bees did not exist that time. Maybe bees existed, but since there were almost no trees producing the right kind of resin, the bees could not be preserved.

Second, well it is true that bees have a close mutual relationship with flowering plants today; it’s quite possible that bees existed before flowering plants appeared on earth. Those very early bees may have been feeding on non-flowering plants that preceded flowering plants during evolutionary history. The early bees could feed on non-flowering plants such as ferns or pine trees, later when flowering plants evolved，bees may have been adapted to feed on them and this new relationship between bees and flowering plants may even remain stable ever since.

Third, even though the fossilized chambers lack spiral caps, there’s chemical evidence that supports the theory that bees build the chambers. Modern bees protect their nest chambers against water by using a special water proofing substance that has a distinct chemical composition. When the fossil chambers were chemically analyzed, it turned out that they contained the same kind of water proofing material that used by modern bees.

Preserved 保存
Tree resin 樹脂
Preceded 在。。。之前，領(lǐng)先
Ferns 蕨類植物
Pine trees 松樹
Water proofing substance 防水物質(zhì)
Chemical composition 化學(xué)合成物

在單詞之后，我們來分析針對(duì)閱讀觀點(diǎn)，聽力講座在反駁觀點(diǎn)上的重點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)信息是如何組織的。

第一段：提出了反駁的整體觀點(diǎn)，聽力中的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為這個(gè)化石完全有可能是2億年前蜂蜜制造的并認(rèn)為閱讀的反對(duì)意見說服性不高。

第二段：聽力中觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為沒有2億年前的蜜蜂化石并不等于2億年前沒有蜜蜂存在。給出的解釋是保存化石需要特別的樹脂，2億年前沒有樹脂讓蜜蜂存留為化石，不一定是沒有蜜蜂才沒有蜜蜂化石，也可能是沒有可以化石化的樹脂。

第三段：聽力中觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在確實(shí)蜜蜂和花卉植物有互相唯一的依存關(guān)系，但是這也不能表明2億年前沒有蜜蜂�？赡茉诨ɑ苤参锍霈F(xiàn)之前早期的蜜蜂并不依賴花卉植物存活，可能依靠如蕨類或者松樹這樣的非花卉植物存貨。只是到了花卉植物出現(xiàn)后，蜜蜂依賴花卉的存活關(guān)系才形成并穩(wěn)定了下來。

第四段：聽力中觀點(diǎn)雖然承認(rèn)結(jié)構(gòu)上沒有螺旋蓋，但是通過化學(xué)鑒定發(fā)現(xiàn)了蜜蜂特有的防水分泌物存在化石中，從而反駁了閱讀中的不是蜜蜂蜂窩的說法。

三、寫作解說

由于篇幅原因，這里匯總幾點(diǎn)會(huì)意、寫作組織上的重點(diǎn)信息給到大家，具體在寫作上有問題的同學(xué)可以報(bào)讀新通的長(zhǎng)線托福小班或者VIP班，我們會(huì)詳細(xì)告訴大家如何組織改寫得到更高的寫作分?jǐn)?shù)。也歡迎同學(xué)們添加新美美的微信號(hào)來咨詢。

A: Look up every single confusing word

對(duì)于困惑的單詞一定要查詢并學(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)和使用方法

B: Full comprehension over the contents of reading and listening

對(duì)于聽力和閱讀的內(nèi)容要有完整全面的會(huì)意

C: Locate the key words and use the exactly same words in your writing

定位重點(diǎn)信息詞并在寫作里原詞重現(xiàn)（注意僅限于原詞重現(xiàn)）

D: Change the word order when you’re repeating the same key words

改寫語序是一個(gè)最基本的方法（改寫一種有8中方式，歡迎大家報(bào)讀新通的托福VIP班和小班來全面學(xué)習(xí)掌握如何做好改寫的技巧）

E: Always connect the reading and listening information in each paragraph

總是記住在每一段內(nèi)去鏈接閱讀和聽力的觀點(diǎn)（駁斥的關(guān)系細(xì)節(jié)是什么信息點(diǎn)）

F: A relatively same organization as the reading and listening passage is recommended

一般綜合作文的格式可以參考對(duì)應(yīng)的閱讀和聽力的文章結(jié)構(gòu)（一般幾個(gè)觀點(diǎn)就分幾段）

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