托福TPO44閱讀真題解析：Passage 3

TPO，即toefl Practice Online的首寫字母，就是托福在線練習的意思，TPO可以為考生提供全真的模擬考試環(huán)境和過往真題，而TPO題庫也是有著不斷的更新。在托福閱讀的備考過程中，除了大量的閱讀之外，全面了解托福閱讀的題型和解題方法也都是非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)。而對于很多備考托福的學生來說，TPO往往就是一個首先的備考材料。今天，小編就為大家?guī)�來托福TPO44閱讀真題解析：Passage 3。

托福TPO44閱讀Passage 3 真題解析 【在線咨詢】

From Fish to Terrestrial Vertebrates

1.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about fish evolution? 【事實信息題】
A. Lobe-finned fish were among the earliest types of fish to appear.
B. Fish began living in freshwater habitats only after originating elsewhere.
C. Lobe-finned fish radiated into almost all available aquatic habitats.
D. During the Devonian, lobe-finned fish were more common in marine than in freshwater habitats.
答案： B

解析： 第一段主要講地球上最重要的演化之一是魚從水生轉(zhuǎn)型到陸生。魚可能起源于海洋，我們最早的證據(jù)是在海洋的巖石里。但在Devonian時期，魚開始基本都呈現(xiàn)水生形式包括淡水，其中一種化石特別普遍在淡水巖石里是lobe-finned fish。選項A中l(wèi)obe-finned fish顯然不是最早的魚類;選項B與原文中魚類出現(xiàn)的順序闡述一致;選項C中的lobe-finned fish只是其中的一種;選項D中的lobe-finned fish是否在海洋比淡水中更普遍在原文中沒有做對比。

2. According to paragraph 2, what do the minerals in the delta rocks containing rhipidistian crossopterygian fossils reveal? 【事實信息題】
A. These deltas formed in dry periods but gradually became wetter.
B. These deltas contain different types of iron minerals than do the surrounding areas.
C. Most rhipidistian crossopterygian fish died when the climate became dry.
D. Rhipidistian crossopterygian fish lived in areas that experienced alternate dry and wet periods.
答案： D

解析： 第二段定位句The delta rocks in which these fossils are found are commonly red due to oxidized iron minerals, indicating that the deltas formed in a climate that had alternate wet and dry periods. 很顯然在三角洲的rhipidistian crossopterygian化石里的礦物質(zhì)揭示了其生活的區(qū)域經(jīng)歷了干旱和潮濕交替的時期，選項D正確。

3. The word "advantageous" in the passage is closest in meaning to【詞匯題】
A. beneficial
B. necessary
C. remarkable
D. common
答案： A

解析： advantageous有利的，選項A有益的，選項B必要的，選項C非凡的，選項D普通的，所以選項A正確。

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4. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that mud inside rhipidistian crossopterygian fossils differed in consistency and texture depending on where the mud was located? 【修辭目的題】
A. To provide evidence that rhipidistian crossopterygian lived in river channels and lakes on large deltas.
B. To identify an effect of the oxidation of iron minerals on the evolution of rhipidistian crossopterygian.
C. To help explain why scientists have concluded that rhipidistian crossopterygian probably had lungs.
D. To explain why scientists decided to cut cross sections through some fossils of rhipidistian crossopterygian.
答案： C

解析： 通過題目中的關(guān)鍵詞consistency and texture定位到第二段原句Cross sections cut through some of the fossils reveal that the mud filling the interior of the carcass differed in consistency and texture depending on its location inside the fish. These differences suggest a sadlike cavity below the front end of the gut that can only be interpreted as a lung. 顯而易見答案選C，為了解釋為什么科學家得到rhipidistian crossopterygian可能有l(wèi)ung肺的結(jié)論。

5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 【句子簡化題】
A. Because the lungs of these fish were able to provide only a small amount of oxygen, these fish obtained most of their oxygen through their gills during periods of drought.
B. During periods of extended drought, these fish used their lungs to increase their intake of oxygen beyond the levels absorbed by the gills in normal times.
C. Although these fish primarily used their gills to obtain oxygen, they used their lungs to obtain oxygen from the air when there was not enough in the water.
D. During periods of extended drought, the gills became an auxiliary breathing device and the lungs became the main source of oxygen for these fish.
答案： C

6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 【句子簡化題】
A. Because the lungs of these fish were able to provide only a small amount of oxygen, these fish obtained most of their oxygen through their gills during periods of drought.
B. During periods of extended drought, these fish used their lungs to increase their intake of oxygen beyond the levels absorbed by the gills in normal times.
C. Although these fish primarily used their gills to obtain oxygen, they used their lungs to obtain oxygen from the air when there was not enough in the water.
D. During periods of extended drought, the gills became an auxiliary breathing device and the lungs became the main source of oxygen for these fish.
答案： D

7. The word "adjacent" in the passage is closest in meaning to: 【詞匯題】
A. nearby
B. available
C. temporary
D. fresh
答案： A

解析： adjacent 鄰近的，選項A附近的;選項B可用的;選項C暫時的;選項D新鮮的。所以選項A正確。

8. The word “progressively” in the passage is closest in meaning to: 【詞匯題】
A. increasingly
B. noticeably
C. occasionally
D. rapidly
答案： A

解析： progressively 漸進地，選項A逐漸增加地;選項B顯著地品;選項C偶然地;選項D迅速地。所以選項A正確。

9. In paragraph 4, why does the author point out that crabs and other arthropods were already living on land when the ancestors of the first tetrapods began living there? 【修辭目的題】
A. To account for the presence of dead fish along the edges of ponds and streams during the Devonian.
B. To support the claim that climate change caused freshwater habitats to become more restricted during the Devonian.
C. To identify a consequence of the emergence of plants into terrestrial habitats near ponds and streams.
D. To identify a possible reason for why certain fish gradually became terrestrial organisms.
答案： D

解析： 原文What ecological pressures might have caused fishes to gradually abandon their watery habitat and become increasingly land-dwelling creatures? Changes in… Another impetus... In addition, plants had emerged into terrestrial habitats in areas near streams and ponds, and crabs and other arthropods were also members of this earliest terrestrial community. 第4段通過一個問句開始，什么生態(tài)壓力可能促使魚逐漸拋棄它們的水生環(huán)境并逐漸地變成陸生物種的?下面通過三點來對此進行闡述，crabs and other arthropods就是in addition的其中一點來印證的。選項D為了證明為什么某些魚類逐漸變成陸生生物的一個可能原因,與原文一致。

10. According to paragraph 4，teeth of the earliest tetrapods suggest that these tetrapods 【事實信息題】
A. competed with other animals for protein
B. were probably carnivores
C. could easily climb out of water
D. were able to eat plants
答案： B

解析： 通過關(guān)鍵詞teeth of the earliest tetrapods定位到第4段Evidence from teeth suggests that these earliest tetrapods did not utilize land plants as food; they were presumably carnivorous and had not developed the ability to feed on plants. 早期的tetrapods四足動物沒有利用陸地植物作為食物，它們大概還是食肉動物并還沒有能力發(fā)展成靠植物為食。選項B可能是食肉動物與原文意思一致。

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11. According to paragraph 5, which of the following was true of the first tetrapods? 【事實信息題】
A. They became dependent for food on organisms already living on land.
B. They needed to develop new mechanisms for obtaining nutrients.
C. They continued to live in close association with aquatic environments.
D. They were evolutionarily far removed from their rhipidistian ancestors.
答案： C

解析： 定位到第5段How did the first tetrapods make the transition to a terrestrial habitat? Like early land plants such as rhyniophytes, they made only a partial transition; they were still quite tied to water. 第5段開篇用問句提問早期的tetrapods是如何轉(zhuǎn)型到陸生環(huán)境的?接著踢打像早期的植物，它們只是部分的轉(zhuǎn)型，還是相當依賴于水的。選項C它們繼續(xù)生活在與水密切相關(guān)有水的環(huán)境里的，與原文意思一致。

12. According to paragraph 5, what was the main way that the earliest tetrapods differed from their immediate fish ancestors? 【事實信息題】
A. The tetrapods had a different skeletal structure.
B. The tetrapods had more sources of food available
C. The tetrapods had a circulation system.
D. The tetrapods could move to new pools of water.
答案： A

解析： 定位句The principal changes for the earliest tetrapods were in the skeletal system—changes in the bones of the fins, the vertebral column, pelvic girdle, and pectoral girdle. 注意題目問的是main way與principal changes意思一致，原文最早的tetrapods的主要變化是skeletal system骨骼結(jié)構(gòu)，顯而易見選項A中tetrapods有不同的骨骼結(jié)構(gòu)與之意思一致。

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. 【句子插入題】
These would have been deposited by the receding waters of droughts, during which many aquatic animals must have died.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage
答案： A

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. 【概要小結(jié)題】
To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT
Freshwater lobe-finned fish may be the direct ancestors of terrestrial tetrapods.
A. Rhipidistian crossopterygian had features such as primitive lungs and thick fins that could have helped it survive dry periods.
B. During the Devonian, the number of bones increased in the fins of rtiipidistians, improving such animals’ ability to swim and move over land
C. Shortly after the earliest tetrapods developed lungs, plants and other animals began to flourish on land.
D. By the Devonian period, lobe-finned fish preferred freshwater habitats to life in the ocean.
E. A drier climate and new sources of food on land may have encouraged the lobe-finned fish’s move to a terrestrial existence.
F. Early tetrapods remained closely connected to water, but several of their body structures were adapted for life on land.
答案： AEF

解析： 選項A Rhipidistian crossopterygian有例如原始的肺部和厚鰭，能夠使其在干旱時期存活下來，這是對第二段后半段和第三段的總結(jié)概括，選項正確。
選項B中屬于細節(jié)信息且后半句信息不符;選項C中后半句信息與原文不符;選項D中的細節(jié)信息錯誤，原文并沒有對lobe-finned fish的棲息環(huán)境進行喜好比較;選項E中的a drier climate和new sources of food是第4段中促使魚類逐漸變成陸生物種的其中兩個原因，選項與原文信息相符;選項F的前半句是對第5段前兩句的概括，后半句是對第5段However后面信息的概括，所以選項正確。

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