TPO47綜合寫作洪荒力作

恐龍好像是每個男孩子兒時特定階段內特別寵愛的玩偶佳物，很多男孩子喜歡恐龍（dinosaur）如同很多軟妹子喜歡芭比娃娃（Barbie）一樣，那么兒時那么喜歡恐龍的你長大了之后考托福有多少跟恐龍相關的背景知識和學科詞匯呢？今天筆者就用盡洪荒之力來拓展一些相關學科知識和學術詞匯。

閱讀文本重點詞匯洪荒之力解讀：

事實上，恐龍可以分為2目7亞目57科800余種（驚恐狀。。。），首先我們可以把恐龍整體成為ancient reptile遠古爬行動物，恐龍基本分為兩個大目：蜥龍目（saurischia）和鳥龍目（ornithischia），之下的7個亞目就不展開講解了，筆者只是一枚英語專業(yè)的腦思，再往下說恐怕無法明哲保身（苦笑臉。。。），大家如果看興趣可以聯(lián)系一下美國男星--大衛(wèi)修蒙（David Lawrence Schwimmer）給爾等科普恐龍知識，因為他在當年的成名美�。豪嫌延汧riends（六人行）里飾演的Rose羅斯就是一名古生物學家（paleontologist），額。。。好吧，腦洞好大開始意識流了。。。好了，言歸正傳再使用洪荒之力拓展幾個恐龍類別的單詞，作為一個非專業(yè)人事（無奈臉。。。）我們可以武斷的把恐龍分為：地上跑、天上飛的、水里游的，那么我們可以粗暴簡單的把恐龍稱之為dinosaur恐龍、pterosaur翼龍、ichthyosaur魚龍。這些ancient reptile呢就成為了現(xiàn)今vertebrate脊椎動物的始祖源，脊椎動物呢就是有脊椎（spine）的物種的統(tǒng)稱，脊椎動物基本可以分為四類：Mammal哺乳類、birds鳥類、reptile爬行類和fish魚類。瞎掰到這里，筆者已經(jīng)用完了洪荒之力把綜合寫作中的幾個較難的詞匯串聯(lián)完啦，一定要說還有什么生詞嗎？還有一個就是metabolism新陳代謝，經(jīng)常和metabolism搭配使用的有fat metabolism脂肪代謝、lipid metabolism類脂類化合物代謝和energy metabolism能量代謝等習慣性表達。

閱讀文本大意洪荒之力匯總：

在爆發(fā)洪荒之力匯總大意之前，我們先來看一下閱讀文本，我把重點的閱讀信息標紅了，方便大家做快速閱讀和理解。

Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.

Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.

Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.

Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.

從以上標紅的內容大家不難理解閱讀大意：翼龍是跟恐龍同期的有翅膀的古代爬行動物，通常體型巨大如長頸鹿大小展翅后可以達到12米。古生物學家就翼龍是否是動力飛行還是滑翔飛行有三點思考，基本上認為翼龍不太可能是動力飛行的。

1、翼龍作為冷血動物自身代謝慢無法供給足夠的自動力去飛行。
2、翼龍體重大笨重不夠輕盈，扇翅飛行不太可能支撐自己在空中停留。
3、通過對化石的分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)翼龍的后肢弱小，不太可能奔跑加速助飛。

聽力文本洪荒之力聽寫分享：

Recent research has revealed that pterosaurs may in fact have been capable of powered flight.

First, the issue of pterosaur metabolism, some recently discovered pterosaur fossils indicate that pterosaurs had a dense hair like covering somewhat similar to fur. Hair or fur covering is typical of warm-blooded animals because those animals need to maintain a high body temperature when external conditions are cold. So if the metabolism of pterosaurs was more like that of a warm-blooded animals and so faster than the reading suggests, then it would have supply them with the energy needed for powered flight.

Second, the idea that large pterosaurs couldn’t use powered flight because they were too heavy, we now know that the pterosaurs have anatomical features that made them unusually light for their size. For example the bones of pterosaurs were hollow instead of solid. Hollow light weight bones would have kept the pterosaurs weight low despite their large body frames. The pterosaurs weight was probably low enough to allow them to keep themselves airborne by flapping their wings.

Third, take-off would indeed to be a problem to pterosaurs if they took off the way birds do. But there are important difference between birds and pterosaurs. Birds only use their hind limbs—their legs for walking on the ground, so they only have two limbs to push off from when they are launch. But pterosaurs walked on all four limbs while on the ground. There are modern flying animals that walk on all four limbs, that’s for example and they use all four limbs to push off the ground not just the back ones. Studies indicate that even the largest pterosaurs would have no trouble to use all four limbs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.

同樣的,我把聽力文本中的重點信息也標紅了，大家不難理解聽力反駁的大意：聽力認為翼龍可以自動力飛行的。反駁原因有三：

1、翼龍化石中發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似現(xiàn)代恒溫動物的毛發(fā)表皮，翼龍如果跟恒溫動物一樣有保溫的代謝機體，它可以提供飛行的自動力。
2、從解刨學構造上看，翼龍的骨骼是中空的，自身重力很輕可以支撐它扇翅飛行。
3、翼龍跟鳥類很大的不同是鳥類只有后肢著地，翼龍可以用四肢助跑，四肢助跑的速度和動力可以保證它騰空飛行。

至此，筆者已經(jīng)用盡洪荒之力給大家詳解了TPO47閱讀和聽力的內容，請同學們也用盡洪荒之力來寫作吧，新通教育提供免費的作文修改哦，詳情請聯(lián)系新通西安微信客服新美美（xinmeimeixian）哦！

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