很多初涉GRE寫作學(xué)習(xí)的童鞋，都會覺得GRE寫作一定很難。誠然，不管是從語言使用能力、邏輯思維方式，GRE考試比雅思、托福考試，對各位童鞋提出了更高的要求。但是還是請大家放心，只要我們掌握學(xué)習(xí)的方法，不管考試時我們抽到了什么樣的寫作題目，我們都能輕松、從容面對，迎刃而解噠。杭州新通外語教授GRE寫作的張昱Nancy老師就要教大家一些小竅門，幫助各位考生能夠快速攻破GRE寫作這只“紙老虎”。
GRE寫作總共考兩道題目。其中一道是很多童鞋之前都沒有接觸的argument題型。
題型的特征是：給出一篇長達(dá)150詞左右的閱讀材料，要求考生經(jīng)過閱讀，識別出其中存在的邏輯錯誤，并且在30分鐘內(nèi)完成對于這些問題的論述，指出材料中的結(jié)論是存在紕漏的。
所以要完成argument寫作，其中有一個必須掌握的知識點(diǎn)就是我們要能夠知道在材料中高頻出現(xiàn)的邏輯問題：因果邏輯錯誤、類比錯誤、盈利問題、數(shù)據(jù)類錯誤、建議問題、主觀性存疑等。那么今天Nancy老師著重要跟大家分享的就是其中類比錯誤的識別。類比錯誤主要有三種情況：1）對象類比錯誤；2）整體推部分；3）部分推整體；4）過去推現(xiàn)在或未來。我們在今天主要探討前兩種錯誤情況的表現(xiàn)形式以及識別的方法。
1）對象類比錯誤
“對象類比錯誤”的意思是：我們會把A的情況直接安在B的身上，希望得到一樣的結(jié)果，但是卻忽略了A和B之間的個體差異性。
舉一個很簡單的例子：某網(wǎng)紅使用了某高端品牌爽膚水后告訴粉絲們，這款爽膚水用完感覺皮膚很水潤，一點(diǎn)都不緊繃。所以大家如果想要皮膚水潤，就可以試試這個產(chǎn)品。很多粉絲聽了之后都會紛紛購買。但是該網(wǎng)紅的膚質(zhì)和粉絲們的膚質(zhì)并不一樣，很有可能這個爽膚水適合網(wǎng)紅的膚質(zhì)，但是其他人用了可能不會產(chǎn)生一樣的效果，甚至可能會過敏等等。
接下來我們來具體看一篇閱讀材料，看看大家能否在argument真題的閱讀材料里準(zhǔn)確識別出該類型的錯誤：
In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County last year lowered its speed limit from 55 to 45 miles per hour on all county highways. But this effort has failed: the number of accidents has not decreased, and, based on reports by the highway patrol, many drivers are exceeding the speed limit. Prunty County should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane widths, resurfacing rough highways, and improving visibility at dangerous intersections. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago. (OG13)
在這篇閱讀材料中，作者主張P縣應(yīng)該效仿B縣來采取同樣的道路改善工程，來減少交通事故。但是我們知道不同的地方情況不同。在B縣該措施起到來非常好的效果，但是在P縣如果想要減少交通事故，可能最關(guān)鍵的措施并非是要改善路況，也許P縣本身路況條件已經(jīng)非常好了，但是很多人安全駕駛的意識不高，需要提高市民安全駕駛的意識、對肇事者加強(qiáng)處罰力度、提高駕照考試難度等。所以P縣即便效仿B縣也不一定收獲預(yù)期的結(jié)果。
2）整體推部分
“整體推部分”的錯誤類型表現(xiàn)為：誤以為個體的情況與整體的情況一致。
很多閱讀材料中會提到全國情況如何如何，進(jìn)而得出結(jié)論：某地的情況也是如此。比如“中國GDP很高，所以中國的西北地區(qū)GDP也很高”。通過這個例子，很多童鞋就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，整體情況不一定代表部分情況。就好比學(xué)校里的實(shí)驗(yàn)班學(xué)生的平均學(xué)術(shù)成績很好，但我們并不能說其中的某一位同學(xué)他的學(xué)習(xí)成績也一定很好，他恰恰可能是班里的倒數(shù)幾名，每次考試都拖全班后推的那個。
同樣，我們用一道真題來檢測一下，各位同學(xué)是否已經(jīng)明白了這一種錯誤形式。
The following appeared in an editorial in a business magazine.
"Although the sales of Whirlwind video games have declined over the past two years, a recent survey of video-game players suggests that this sales trend is about to be reversed. The survey asked video-game players what features they thought were most important in a video game. According to the survey, players prefer games that provide lifelike graphics, which require the most up-to-date computers. Whirlwind has just introduced several such games with an extensive advertising campaign directed at people ten to twenty-five years old, the age-group most likely to play video games. It follows, then, that the sales of Whirlwind video games are likely to increase dramatically in the next few months.”(OG55)
很多玩家接受采訪時，說自己喜歡生動畫面的游戲。所以Whirlwind就針對10-25歲玩家（最喜歡玩電子游戲的年齡段）推出了若干有生動畫面的游戲。但是接受采訪的玩家情況，不一定完全代表10-25歲玩家的喜好情況。所以可能這些新推出的游戲在這些玩家中依然不會很吃香。
好啦，那么了解了這兩種類比錯誤情況后，我們來看一篇閱讀材料，各位童鞋可以檢測一下自己是否可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的邏輯錯誤了呢？
We recommend that Monarch Books open a café in its store. Monarch, having been in business at the same location for more than twenty years, has a large customer base because it is known for its wide selection of books on all subjects. Clearly, opening the café would attract more customers. Space could be made for the café by discontinuing the children’s book section, which will probably become less popular given that the most recent national census indicated a significant decline in the percentage of the population under age ten. Opening a café will allow Monarch to attract more customers and better compete with Regal Books, which recently opened its own café. (OG7)
歡迎各位童鞋把你的答案發(fā)送到我們公眾號的后臺喲，期待你的回復(fù)鴨！
