淺談‘邏輯法’在托福閱讀‘修辭目的題’中的應(yīng)用

關(guān)鍵字托福閱讀閱讀邏輯托福考試托福培訓(xùn) 出國(guó)考試培訓(xùn) 寧波新通新通外語(yǔ)

2013-09-06 來(lái)源：新通外語(yǔ)網(wǎng)igo99.cn 閱讀量：手機(jī)閱讀

導(dǎo)讀

托福閱讀十大題型可分為三個(gè)大的種類，即：Basic Comprehension（基礎(chǔ)理解類—注重基礎(chǔ)細(xì)節(jié)理解），Inference（推理類—注重邏輯關(guān)系把握），Reading to learn（全文類—注重全文信息結(jié)構(gòu)把握）。今天我們就來(lái)探討一下，邏輯關(guān)系在解決‘修辭目的題中的具體應(yīng)用。詳細(xì)資訊歡迎來(lái)電！海曙中心咨詢電話：0574-87076033 江東中心咨詢電話：0574-87736833

托福閱讀十大題型可分為三個(gè)大的種類，即：Basic Comprehension（基礎(chǔ)理解類—注重基礎(chǔ)細(xì)節(jié)理解），Inference（推理類—注重邏輯關(guān)系把握），Reading to learn（全文類—注重全文信息結(jié)構(gòu)把握）。其中Rhetorical Purpose（修辭目的題）題型隸屬于‘推理類’分類，于是可知，‘修辭目的題’同樣也是一種講究邏輯關(guān)系的題目。今天我們就來(lái)探討一下，邏輯關(guān)系在解決‘修辭目的題中的具體應(yīng)用。

話題一：什么是‘修辭目的題’？

這個(gè)名詞聽(tīng)起來(lái)無(wú)比詭異，對(duì)于初學(xué)者如墜五里霧里。殊不知，我們國(guó)內(nèi)漢語(yǔ)考試也考到過(guò)‘修辭目的題’。我們來(lái)看看：

Passage Excerpt：（魯迅-秋夜）

在我的后園，可以看見(jiàn)墻外有兩株樹(shù)，一株是棗樹(shù)，還有一株也是棗樹(shù)。
　　這上面的夜的天空，奇怪而高，我生平?jīng)]有見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣奇怪而高的天空。他仿佛要離開(kāi)人間而去，使人們仰面不再看見(jiàn)。然而現(xiàn)在卻非常之藍(lán)，閃閃地睒著幾十個(gè)星星的眼，冷眼。他的口角上現(xiàn)出微笑，似乎自以為大有深意，而將繁霜灑在我的園里的野花草上。

問(wèn)題：為什么作者文中會(huì)寫到‘墻外有兩株樹(shù)，一株是棗樹(shù)，還有一株也是棗樹(shù)’？

這下大家知道了，原來(lái)托福閱讀的‘修辭目的題’就是我們一直很熟悉的漢語(yǔ)中的‘行文思路題’。換言之，‘修辭目的題’的本質(zhì)就是：關(guān)注作者構(gòu)架文章的思路和信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系的一種問(wèn)題。于是這也就決定此類題，單獨(dú)理解細(xì)節(jié)信息是不足以正確解題的，還要準(zhǔn)確的把握細(xì)節(jié)信息之內(nèi)或直接的邏輯關(guān)系。

話題二：托福閱讀‘修辭目的題’的識(shí)別？

在托福閱讀中，此類‘修辭目的題’如何出現(xiàn)呢？有同學(xué)會(huì)提出，既然是‘目的題’，所以只要題目含有‘why, the purpose, in order to…’等表示目的的詞，就可以判斷是‘修辭目的題’了。其實(shí)這個(gè)回答是不準(zhǔn)確的，因?yàn)?lsquo;基礎(chǔ)理解類’的‘事實(shí)信息題’也會(huì)含有這些詞，而且解題方法完全不同。通過(guò)話題一，我們已經(jīng)知道‘修辭目的題’的本質(zhì)（即：作者構(gòu)架文章的思路和信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系），所以判斷修辭目的題真正的標(biāo)志：提問(wèn)對(duì)象以作者和文章為中心，詢問(wèn)目的和行文思路，即：

Why does the author mention XXX?

The passage mentions XXX in order to____

What is the purpose of the author to mention XXX?

How does the author present the information in the passage?

The author explain the term xxx by____

The organization of the paragraph 3 is ____

話題三：修辭目的題邏輯法的應(yīng)用

既然我們已經(jīng)知道，修辭目的題考察的就是行文思路和邏輯關(guān)系，所以我們?cè)诒鞠盗形恼轮械牡谝黄鶎W(xué)到的邏輯關(guān)系就可以使用了。

①因果關(guān)系

②同理類比

③正反對(duì)比（轉(zhuǎn)折）

④并列/遞進(jìn)

⑤總分關(guān)系

⑥舉例關(guān)系

解題順序：

1. 閱讀題目要求，識(shí)別修辭目的題

2. 閱讀選項(xiàng)，預(yù)先了解可能出現(xiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系

3. 回原文閱讀含有‘問(wèn)題詞’的句子，句內(nèi)尋找前四類邏輯關(guān)系。

4. 如果單句內(nèi)不存在與選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)的句內(nèi)關(guān)系，閱讀前后各兩句，尋找句間關(guān)系（六種都有可能）

5. 如果還是沒(méi)有邏輯關(guān)系對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)，問(wèn)題一般對(duì)應(yīng)‘主題式總分’關(guān)系，換言之，答案一般為本段中心或本文中心。

真題展示：

Paragraph 3： Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form.Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason. （摘自O(shè)G-Swimming Machines）

1. Why does the author mention that Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight?

○To show that air resistance and water resistance work differently from each other

○To argue that some fishes are better designed than airplanes are

○To provide evidence that airplane engine have studied the design of fish bodies

○To demonstrate a similarity in design between certain fishes and airplanes

邏輯解題應(yīng)用：

通讀選項(xiàng)后，回原文含有‘問(wèn)題詞’（即Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight）的位置，關(guān)注單句內(nèi)部邏輯，發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)局內(nèi)邏輯與選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)；但是發(fā)現(xiàn)句內(nèi)有邏輯標(biāo)志詞for the same reason。進(jìn)而，擴(kuò)大閱讀范圍到本句前兩句，可知本句與前句When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.為同理類比關(guān)系，作為日常生活‘飛機(jī)起落架’的例子，來(lái)解釋文中專業(yè)知識(shí)—即魚類鰭的回收。于是，對(duì)應(yīng)答案D。

Paragraph 1：Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.（摘自O(shè)G-Expression of Emotions）

2. The author mentions "Baring the teeth in a hostile way" in order to

○Differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it

○Support Darwin's theory of evolution

○Provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood

○Contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions

邏輯解題應(yīng)用：

通讀選項(xiàng)后，回原文含有‘問(wèn)題詞’（即Baring the teeth in a hostile way）的位置，關(guān)注單句內(nèi)部邏輯，發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)句內(nèi)邏輯與選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)。進(jìn)而，擴(kuò)大閱讀范圍到本句前后各兩句，根據(jù)語(yǔ)義，可知本句與前面的It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal為總分/舉例關(guān)系，Baring the teeth in a hostile way作為具體例子/論據(jù)，來(lái)支持It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal。于是，對(duì)應(yīng)答案C。

Paragraph 3： The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930’s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950’s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the
Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.

3. In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that 40 percent of American cattle are fattened in the High Plains?

○To suggest that crop cultivation is not the most important part of the economy of the High Plains

○To indicate that not all economic activity in the High Plains is dependent on irrigation

○To provide another example of how water from the Ogallala has transformed the economy of the High Plains

○To contrast cattle-fattening practices in the High Plains with those used in other region of the United States

邏輯解題應(yīng)用：

通讀選項(xiàng)后，回原文含有‘問(wèn)題詞’（即In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.）的位置，關(guān)注單句內(nèi)部邏輯，發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)句內(nèi)邏輯與選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)；但是發(fā)現(xiàn)邏輯標(biāo)志詞in addition。進(jìn)而，可知本句與前面的Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States為遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle作為具體例子進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明‘Ogallala water對(duì)于高原經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響’，于是，對(duì)應(yīng)答案C中的another example。

Paragraph 2： One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings—for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa—are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. This means that artists were
forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light. It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found. Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances, there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.

4. Why does the author mention Bushmen in South Africa in paragraph 2?

○To suggest that ancient artists from all over the world painted animals on rocks

○To contrast the location of their rock paintings to those found at Lascaux

○To support the claim that early artists worked in cramped spaces

○To give an example of other artists who painted in hidden locations

邏輯解題應(yīng)用：

通讀選項(xiàng)后，回原文含有‘問(wèn)題詞’（即Bushmen in South Africa）的位置，關(guān)注單句內(nèi)部邏輯，發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)句內(nèi)邏輯與選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)。進(jìn)而，擴(kuò)大閱讀范圍，由后句的邏輯標(biāo)志詞however可知本句與后面的Cave paintings in France and Spain為正反對(duì)比關(guān)系。于是，對(duì)應(yīng)答案B。

Paragraph 2：If an impact is large enough, it can disturb the environment of the entire Earth and cause an ecological catastrophe. The best-documented such impact took place 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period of geological history. This break in Earth's history is marked by a mass extinction, when as many as half the species on the planet became extinct. While there are a dozen or more mass extinctions in the geological record, the Cretaceous mass extinction has always intrigued paleontologists because it marks the end of the age of the dinosaurs. For tens of millions of years, those great creatures had flourished. Then, suddenly, they disappeared.

5. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared?

○To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geological record

○To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous

○To explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous

○To provide evidence that an impact can be large enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster

邏輯解題應(yīng)用：

通讀選項(xiàng)后，回原文含有‘問(wèn)題詞’（即dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared）的位置，關(guān)注單句內(nèi)部邏輯，發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)句內(nèi)邏輯與選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)。進(jìn)而，擴(kuò)大閱讀范圍，由前句的邏輯標(biāo)志詞because可知‘問(wèn)題詞’對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)容it marks the end of the age of the dinosaurs.與the Cretaceous mass extinction has always intrigued paleontologists為因果關(guān)系。于是，對(duì)應(yīng)答案C。

推薦專家
	姓名：曹偉電話：0574－8707 6033 電子郵箱：paulcao@shinyway 所在地點(diǎn)：寧波海曙冷靜街8號(hào)銀億時(shí)代廣場(chǎng)15樓（天封塔斜對(duì)面）咨詢國(guó)家/地區(qū)：null
【專業(yè)資歷】
教齡6年英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言專業(yè)ETS認(rèn)證新托福TOEFL –iBT培訓(xùn)教師寧波十佳優(yōu)秀培訓(xùn)教師托福/雅思高分TEM-4英語(yǔ)專業(yè)四級(jí)證書 TEM-8英語(yǔ)專業(yè)八級(jí)證書善于從對(duì)教學(xué)水平要求嚴(yán)格，知識(shí)點(diǎn)分析深入，善于從技術(shù)和統(tǒng)計(jì)角度整理考點(diǎn)，因材施教，循序漸進(jìn)，應(yīng)試效果強(qiáng)大。
【成功案例】
陳同學(xué)：某高中高二學(xué)生，SAT強(qiáng)化班學(xué)生，英語(yǔ)水平中等，學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度認(rèn)真。剛開(kāi)課時(shí)，學(xué)生缺乏對(duì)SAT語(yǔ)法考察特點(diǎn)的把握和認(rèn)識(shí)，對(duì)SAT語(yǔ)法部分充滿恐懼，錯(cuò)誤頗多，經(jīng)過(guò)我獨(dú)創(chuàng)的‘縱橫交錯(cuò)式’語(yǔ)法講義以及靶向式的真題練習(xí)，學(xué)生在課程結(jié)束時(shí)進(jìn)步非常大。最終在學(xué)生的積極努力下，SAT語(yǔ)法49題錯(cuò)誤數(shù)量可以壓縮在3題左右，寫作整體部分730的高分。王同學(xué)：鎮(zhèn)海高二學(xué)生，SAT強(qiáng)化班同學(xué)，英語(yǔ)成績(jī)?cè)鷮?shí)，吃苦耐勞。學(xué)生語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)扎實(shí)，但是剛開(kāi)始難以應(yīng)付SAT獨(dú)特的命題特點(diǎn)，經(jīng)過(guò)逐題統(tǒng)計(jì)考點(diǎn)整理而成的語(yǔ)法講義逐步熟悉真題套路，再針對(duì)性的大量真題練習(xí)分析，學(xué)生課程結(jié)束時(shí)，也可以達(dá)到語(yǔ)法49題錯(cuò)誤數(shù)量可以壓縮在4題左右水平。黃同學(xué)：某高中高一，托福強(qiáng)化班學(xué)生，英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)良好，認(rèn)真刻苦。經(jīng)過(guò)一期階梯式的課程，我教的閱讀課從基礎(chǔ)題型解題方法，到OG過(guò)渡，再到真題練習(xí)，一路走來(lái)，學(xué)生初考即獲得99分的高分，閱讀成績(jī)29分。