SAT長(zhǎng)篇閱讀----文章讀法探討（二）

針對(duì)中國(guó)學(xué)生如何處理長(zhǎng)篇文章，下面我們用SAT OG392頁(yè)第一套題中講“美國(guó)黑人與非洲黑人關(guān)系”的一篇文章來(lái)探討SAT長(zhǎng)篇文章在實(shí)戰(zhàn)中的操作：
（一）細(xì)讀文章上方斜體字。斜體字有時(shí)候會(huì)給予我們非常重要的信息，讓我們知道文章的背景，以及寫(xiě)作對(duì)象。我們來(lái)看看這篇文章的斜體字：
The following passage is adapted from a 1999 memoir. The author, the son of a Black American woman and a Congolese man, has lived in both the United States and Africa: he was raised in Boston, Massachusetts, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Here, he offers his views on the historical relationship between Black Americans and Black Africans.
 從上面的文字里，我們知道，這是一篇回憶錄，作者是美國(guó)黑人與剛果人的后裔，居住在美國(guó)。寫(xiě)作對(duì)象是美國(guó)黑人與非洲黑人關(guān)系。知道這些信息，我們讀起來(lái)心里就有個(gè)譜了，一般描述黑人的文章，都會(huì)說(shuō)黑人好的一面。
不過(guò)要注意的是：有些文章的斜體字信息則相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)很簡(jiǎn)潔，一句話帶過(guò)，從中得不到有效信息（例如OG404頁(yè)斜體字：This passage is adapted from a book published in 1994）。
（二）細(xì)讀第一段。第一段往往作者會(huì)給出很多信息，而且會(huì)把主要的觀點(diǎn)擺出來(lái)。我們?cè)谧x的時(shí)候，需要找出作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度，并對(duì)其標(biāo)注、劃線，方便我們清晰的去分析下面的段落。同時(shí)，分析此段的段意，結(jié)構(gòu)，然后做屬于第一段的題目，涉及全篇的題以及不確定的題可以圈起來(lái)，等做完后面的題后，再回過(guò)頭來(lái)做。
例如：A Kikongo proverb states, "A tree cannot stand without its roots." It seems such obvious wisdom now, a well-worn cliche1 in our era in which everything truly insightful has already been said. But all cliches derive their endurance from their truth, and my ancestors who coined this adage were sending a clear and powerful message to their descendants: a people cannot flourish without their life-giving foundations in the past. The ties between those who came before and those who live now must be maintained and nurtured if a people is to survive. It's a truth that my grandmother understood when she made a point of directing me to "tell the others" about her. And it's a truth that has been well recognized by successive generations of Black people in America. Another Kikongo proverb reminds us that "one can only steal a sleeping baby: once awake, she will look for her parents." This is a maxim that conveys the seemingly instinctive pull of one's heritage, our inborn curiosity in our origins, the quest we all share for self-identification and self-knowledge.
分析：這一段里，作者講述了“樹(shù)無(wú)根而不立起”，雖然是陳詞濫調(diào)，但卻具有真實(shí)性。之后講了“一個(gè)民族的興衰必須有生命繁衍的基礎(chǔ)”，“人會(huì)尋根”。這是該段的大體結(jié)構(gòu)。這三個(gè)諺語(yǔ)充分表達(dá)了這者的觀點(diǎn)與態(tài)度：根源的重要性。同時(shí)，這也是該篇文章的基調(diào)。得出這個(gè)信息后，我們就可以來(lái)看一下題目了：
1. The primary purpose of this passage is to
(A)  show the impact Black Americans have had on African societies
(B)  discuss Africans' efforts to embrace American culture
(C)  point out the ambivalent feelings one community has for another
(D)  emphasize the significance of an ongoing relationship   ,.
(E)  examine the cultural ties between two nations
這一題是主旨題，像這種題可以圈起來(lái)，跳過(guò)，最后做。
接著看下一題：
2. The "message" ( line 6) is best characterized as
(A)veiled criticism
(B)cautionary advice
(C)a questionable proposition
(D)a nostalgic recollection
(E)an optimistic prediction
這是道細(xì)節(jié)題，針對(duì)這種題，一定要找到相對(duì)應(yīng)的句子再進(jìn)行判斷。特別是早期學(xué)習(xí)SAT的學(xué)生，一定要把你的選題依據(jù)劃出來(lái)�；氐皆�文中的But all cliches derive their endurance from their truth, and my ancestors who coined this adage were sending a clear and powerful message to their descendants: a people cannot flourish without their life-giving foundations in the past.  提出這一結(jié)論的祖先傳達(dá)了一條清晰而有力的信息：一個(gè)種族沒(méi)有過(guò)去生命給予的基礎(chǔ)便不可能繁榮昌盛。所以，我們可以讀出，是一種告誡，選B.
下一題：
3. The proverb "one can only steal a sleeping baby: once awake, she will look for her parents." in line 15-16 primarily serves to
(A)offer insight into young children's behavior
(B)emphasize the vulnerability of children
(C)show people's inherent interest in their history
(D)demonstrate the complexity of familial relations
(E)warn those who seek to undermine the family
這是一道目的題，一定要找出此句前后有無(wú)總結(jié)性的句子，如有，則與這些句子相關(guān)聯(lián)起來(lái)（這種題我們有時(shí)候要聯(lián)系該段主旨進(jìn)行判斷）。在此段里，此句前面沒(méi)有總結(jié)性的句子，倒是后面一句給了一個(gè)解釋，This is a maxim that conveys the seemingly instinctive pull of one's heritage, our inborn curiosity in our origins, the quest we all share for self-identification and self-knowledge. 這個(gè)名言傳達(dá)了一個(gè)人傳承的影響力，與人們對(duì)自己起源的內(nèi)在好奇心。所以這句名言應(yīng)該是用來(lái)說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn)，所以選C。
（三）細(xì)讀第二段，找出該段的段意，結(jié)構(gòu)。一般而言，主旨句在第一句或第二句，所以第一句、第二句讀得細(xì)一些（當(dāng)然，這并不適用與所有文章，小說(shuō)里面是按時(shí)間順序進(jìn)行的敘述）。然后做該段的題。
Black Americans have managed to sustain links with the continent of their origin, against tremendous odds. Through ingenuity and dogged determination, in calculated symbolism and unwitting remembrance, for over 300 years 25 Black Americans have kept various ties to Africa intact. The bond has frayed and stretched, it has become twisted and contorted, but through it all, it has not been broken. And for as long as Black people in America have reached back to Africa to offer and receive reassurance, reaffir-mation, fraternity, and strength, Africans have reached to Black people in the Americas, "those who were taken," for the same reasons.
主旨句為第一句：美國(guó)黑人克服重重困難，成功與其原生大陸保持聯(lián)系。后面的內(nèi)容具體描述這個(gè)過(guò)程具體是怎樣的，讀的時(shí)候可以快一些。了解這些后，開(kāi)始做題。該段沒(méi)有題，跳過(guò)。我們接著看第三段：
We have sought to understand each other ever since we were separated so long ago. For centuries, we have gazed at one another across the transatlantic divide like a child seeing itself in the mirror for the first time. And, unable for so long to reach behind the glass and touch the strangely familiar face we saw staring back, we filled in all that we did not know with all that we could imagine.
主旨句為第一句：自從分開(kāi)后，我們一直尋求辦法了解對(duì)方。后面的內(nèi)容具體描述這個(gè)過(guò)程具體是怎樣的。了解這些后，開(kāi)始做題（略）。接著看第四段：
When we finally met, in Africa and America, we were sometimes disappointed. Shadowy imaginings do not usually hold up in the light of real experience. We wondered if we hadn't been mistaken, if the kinship we could feel more than describe was really there, if the roots that had once bound us together had not already withered and died. But time and again we were reminded of what we shared. Africa has left her mark on all of us. And when we have reached out to one another through literature, politics, music, and religion, whenever we've made contact, the world has been forced to take note.
主旨句為第一句與中間轉(zhuǎn)折句的疊加：相遇了，變得失望；但后來(lái)還是為作為一個(gè)非洲后裔感到自豪。了解段意后，做題（略）。
（四）總結(jié)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，做全篇題，做圈起來(lái)的題。
結(jié)構(gòu)：
1)根源很重要；
2)美國(guó)黑人克服重重困難，成功與其原生大陸保持聯(lián)系；
3)自從分開(kāi)后，我們一直尋求辦法了解對(duì)方；
4)相遇了，變得失望；但后來(lái)還是為作為一個(gè)非洲后裔感到自豪。

1. The primary purpose of this passage is to
(A)  show the impact Black Americans have had on African societies
(B)  discuss Africans' efforts to embrace American culture
(C)  point out the ambivalent feelings one community has for another
(D)  emphasize the significance of an ongoing relationship   ,.
(E)  examine the cultural ties between two nations
在斜體字里我們已經(jīng)知道，這一篇文章講：美國(guó)黑人與非洲黑人關(guān)系。而且從段意中我們可以看出，一直在講這種關(guān)系的發(fā)展，答案應(yīng)選D。

到這里文章就做完了，以上便是我們?cè)谔幚黹L(zhǎng)篇時(shí)候的基本步驟。

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