如何運(yùn)用修辭題加強(qiáng)對答案的預(yù)測性

修辭目的題是比較好做的題型，多做幾道題目就能對它的基本規(guī)律有了掌握，特別是對主旨的進(jìn)一步演繹部分的劃線，對我們來說應(yīng)該做到很好的預(yù)測答案。

修辭目的題關(guān)注的是劃線部分和周圍主旨內(nèi)容的關(guān)系，常見類型是細(xì)節(jié)，例子與所對應(yīng)主旨的關(guān)系。這樣對我們識別細(xì)節(jié)方面提出了主動性要求：什么是例子？細(xì)節(jié)？大家注意以下幾個詞匯：

1sample；

2experiment；

3大寫人名地名；

4as，suchas等舉例

5大范圍下的具體概念。什么是大范圍下的具體概念？籠統(tǒng)來講，全文說children，突然提及到了3-4歲的孩子，這個3-4歲的孩子干的…事的相應(yīng)描述就是大范圍下的具體概念。且一般情況下，這些部分位于段落后面，比較好找。

修辭目的題的其中一種就是考察你能否識別問你的部分是例子或細(xì)節(jié)，或者是對主旨的進(jìn)一步詳細(xì)描述，并且找出相關(guān)主旨，理論，要點(diǎn)部分。這個理論部分，我們的托福題目大部分是出現(xiàn)在前面的，少數(shù)后面情況：小部分由分號，so，hence，thus，代詞it，they，their（說明前文話沒說完）等理論指示性功能詞引出。這樣的話，我們是否更應(yīng)該對主旨的樣子有個基本感覺呢？這樣對我們識別主旨，理論方面提出了主動性要求：大家一定注意附近相關(guān)這些詞：because，so，however，second，atthesametime（分層詞）等功能詞及其近義詞；對每篇文章來講，都有相對應(yīng)的主旨句子的樣子：分析現(xiàn)象的，主旨就是factor，perpaps，explanation，等引起的理論句子；分析事物的，就是事物各個方面概述性質(zhì)的第一次描述；分析考古的，就是理論+"什么什么發(fā)現(xiàn)"或化石的evidence等。

TPO16

Paragraph5:Dependenceonlong-distancetradealsomeantthatthegreatempiresoftheMiddleEastwerebuiltbothliterallyandfigurativelyonshiftingsand.Thecentralstate,thoughoftenveryrichandverypopulous,wasintrinsicallyfragile,sincethedevelopmentofnewinternationaltraderoutescouldunderminethemonetarybaseanderodestatepower,asoccurredwhenEuropeanseafarerscircumventedMiddleEasternmerchantsafterVascodaGama'svoyagearoundAfricainthelatefifteenthcenturyopenedupasouthernroute.Theecologyoftheregionalsopermittedarmedpredatorstoprowlthesurroundingbarrens,whichwerealmostimpossibleforastatetocontrol.Peripheralpeoplesthereforehadagreatadvantageintheirdealingswiththecenter,makinggovernmentauthorityinsecureandanxious.

12.Inparagraph5,whydoestheauthormentionthenewtraderouteopenedupbyVascodaGama'sfifteenthcenturyvoyagearoundAfrica?

○ToprovideevidencethatEuropeanseafarerstookeveryopportunitytobypassMiddleEasternmerchants

○TopresentaninstanceinwhichMiddleEasternstateslostmoneyandpowerbecauseoftheirrelianceonlong-distancetrade

○ToarguethisnewroutebecamenecessarywhenEuropeanseafarerswantedtoavoidMiddleEasternstateswhosecentralpowerhadbeguntoerode

○ToexplainhowdaGamahelpedEuropeantradersavoidthedangerouspredatorsprowlingtheareassurroundingMiddleEasterncities

考察點(diǎn)通過大寫人名就很容易確定位置，在前面我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個詞since，我們優(yōu)先看sincethedevelopmentofnewinternationaltraderoutescouldunderminethemonetarybaseanderodestatepower

主干含義為：新國際貿(mào)易發(fā)展undermine錢和power。根據(jù)同義找答案。Undermine,分析詞根，下的，不好的，mine，開礦，有種顛覆之感。對應(yīng)答案，找一致表達(dá)含義的答案，選B.（補(bǔ)充詞匯：undermine實(shí)際就是破壞）

TPO18

Paragraph3:Mostlightningtakesplacewithinacloudwhenthechargeseparationwithinthecloudcollapses.However,asthestormclouddevelops,thegroundbeneaththecloudbecomespositivelychargedandlightningcantakeplaceintheformofanelectricaldischargebetweenthenegativechargeofthecloudandthepositivelychargedground.Lightningthatstrikesthegroundisthemostlikelytobedestructive,soeventhoughitrepresentsonly20percentofalllightning,ithasreceivedalotofscientificattention.

7.Theauthorremarksthat"Lightningthatstrikesthegroundisthemostlikelytobedestructive"inordertoexplainwhy

○thisformoflightninghasbeeninvestigatedsomuch

○thisformoflightningisnotascommonaslightningwithinacloud

○scientificunderstandingofthisformoflightningisimportant

○thebuildupofpositivechargeonthegroundbeneathastormcloudcanhaveseriousconsequences

這個題目，按照一般思路的話，原文是"…是最有破壞性的"，后面明顯出現(xiàn)了so，作為修辭目的題，我們就要關(guān)注了。在eventhoughitrepresentsonly20percentofalllightning,ithasreceivedalotofscientificattention.在eventhough部分，我們是不看的（讓步狀不說主要），那我們就看到了動賓結(jié)構(gòu)：receivedscientificattention.我們預(yù)測，答案中肯定有"受到科學(xué)關(guān)注"這個含義的原詞或同義改寫，輕松選A.

TPO25

再來個技巧點(diǎn)的:

AnotherprominentfeatureofMars'ssurfaceiscratering.TheMarinerspacecraftfoundthatthesurfaceofMars,aswellasthatofitstwomoons,ispittedwithimpactcratersformedbymeteoroidsfallinginfromspace.AsonourMoon,thesmallercratersareoftenfilledwithsurfacematter-mostlydust-confirmingthatMarsisadrydesertworld.However,Martiancratersgetfilledinconsiderablyfasterthantheirlunarcounterparts.OntheMoon,ancientcraterslessthan100metersacross(correspondingtodepthsofabout20meters)havebeenobliterated,primarilybymeteoriticerosion.OnMars,therearerelativelyfewcraterslessthan5kilometersindiameter.TheMartianatmosphereisanefficienterosiveagent,withMartianwindstransportingdustfromplacetoplaceanderasingsurfacefeaturesmuchfasterthanmeteoriticimpactsalonecanobliteratethem.

Accordingtoparagraph4,whatisdemonstratedbythefactthatcratersfillinmuchfasteronMarsthanontheMoon?

A.ErosionfrommeteoriticimpactstakesplacemorequicklyonMarsthanontheMoon.

B.ThereismoredustonMarsthanontheMoon.

C.ThesurfaceofMarsisadrydesert.

D.WindisapowerfulerodingforceonMars.

拿到題目，我們需要先去分析題干：whatisdemonstratedbythefact，就是說通過一個事實(shí)說明了什么問題。既然是通過事實(shí)說明的，必然就是例子cratersfillinmuchfasteronMars說明了什么理論，還是找理論部分。我們的問題部分所在位置由however引出，所以前文肯定是相反內(nèi)容，不能作為一致傾向；只能向后找：后面說月亮直徑小于100米；火星沒有小于5公里的，就是說它大。不管你是否讀懂了文章，先找最近的是否有這個主干；答案中沒有；那我們繼續(xù)向后看：TheMartianatmosphereisanefficienterosiveagent,withMartianwindstransportingdustfromplacetoplaceanderasingsurfacefeaturesmuchfasterthanmeteoriticimpactsalonecanobliteratethem.說大氣腐蝕性，風(fēng)力怎么樣；剛好能對前文火星什么的被填充的快的解釋；所以我們找大氣腐蝕性，風(fēng)吹dust一類描述就對了。這樣就得選D了。