托福寫作高分秘籍：增加句子及結(jié)構(gòu)多樣性

在托福寫作中，單調(diào)的句式和結(jié)構(gòu)、長度相近的句子使作文呆板單調(diào)，缺乏生動性和說服力;而靈活多變的句子樣式和結(jié)構(gòu)則使作文語言生動，自然流暢，豐富多彩。具體包括以下幾個方面：

長短句變換：簡單句、并列句和復合句交替運用

長句準確生動，長于說明推理;短句簡潔明快，意義明確，印象深刻，描述動作，表明主旨，總結(jié)歸納，非短句不可。既然各有所長，在寫作時應根據(jù)實際需要，交替使用簡單句、并列句和復合句，以達到“段間長短不一，全篇句式萬千”、豐富多樣的效果，給讀者以及閱卷老師以永恒的新鮮感。

結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化：我們學過非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)(包括不定式結(jié)構(gòu)和分詞結(jié)構(gòu))，無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)，分隔結(jié)構(gòu)，比較結(jié)構(gòu)，獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，with復合結(jié)構(gòu)，特殊否定結(jié)構(gòu)，it結(jié)構(gòu)，平行結(jié)構(gòu)，強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，等等。其中最為神通廣大的是非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中或作主語、賓語，或作表語、賓語補足語，或作定語修飾名詞，或作狀語表示條件、原因、讓步、時間、方式、目的、結(jié)果、伴隨狀況等，不一而足。

非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以簡化大部分英語從句，產(chǎn)生語言簡練，結(jié)構(gòu)豐富多樣的效果，請看下列轉(zhuǎn)化實例：

名詞從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)

1. That John won the marathon surprised us.

John’s winning the Marathon surprised us.

2. I have not decided whether I should vote for Clint.

I have not decided whether to vote for Clint.

定語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)

1. The man (who is) standing at the gate is my English teacher.

2. The car (that was) repaired yesterday by him is my mother’s.

3. The next train that arrives is from New York.

狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)

1. After he had watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.

Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.

2. When they are heated metals expand.

(When) Heated, metals expand.

3. Because I do not know what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

Not knowing what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

4. I spoke slowly and clearly in order that the audience could understand me.

…in order for the audience to understand me.

5. If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fail.

United, we stand; divided, we fail.

6. Though he has lived in Canada for tree years, he still cannot speak English well.

Having lived in Canada for three years, he still cannot speak English well.

無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)也是閱卷老師喜歡看到的亮點，原因就在于由于漢語寫作慣性，中國學生很少能想到使用該結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)實質(zhì)上是SVC結(jié)構(gòu)的省略，包括形容詞無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)、名詞無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)(即同位結(jié)構(gòu))和介詞無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)，往往放在句子開頭，以逗號同主句隔開，表示原因、條件、讓步、補充說明，伴隨狀況等意義。請看下列例子：

形容詞無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)

1. Big and fat, Victor went to the Gym(健身館) every Sunday morning.(原因)

2. Speechless, Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat.(伴隨狀語)

3. Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote.(原因)

4. (Although)always helpful, he was not much liked by people.(讓步)

5. It has little taste, unless hot.(條件)

名詞無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)

6. A fellow Georgian(佐治亞人), Jordan was well-known as a friend of the President.(同位語)

7. Bank loan or no bank loan, we’ll buy the house.(讓步)

8. Whatever the reason, his cordiality(誠懇)to her has won him a friend.(讓步)

介詞無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)

9. Because of his mistake several people died.(原因)

10. Without his sister’s money, Harry would never be a doctor.(條件)

由于寫作慣性，同學們寫英語作文時，很可能不會想到上述結(jié)構(gòu)，而是寫成分句，例如上述例1和例2可能寫成：

1b. Because he was big and fat, Victor went to the Gym every Sunday morning.

2b. Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat, and kept speechless.