看我七十二變——托福閱讀句子改寫題

作者檔案
	姓名：潘玉蘭   電話：0755-83985740 電子郵箱：Jessicapan@shinyway 所在地點(diǎn)：廣東省深圳市深南中路中核大廈購書中心6樓 擅長科目：托福

對于大多數(shù)準(zhǔn)備托�？荚嚨�“托兒”們來說，托福閱讀最難的一部分當(dāng)屬句子理解。也許很多學(xué)生會(huì)認(rèn)為單詞才是最難的，可是單詞實(shí)際上是個(gè)很單純的孩子，相反，托福閱讀中的長難句才是比較復(fù)雜的主兒，因?yàn)榕�懂這些復(fù)雜句子是需要一定的技巧和方法的。今天，筆者就帶著小伙伴們一起來探討一下“那些年讓我們頭痛的句子改寫題”。

在開始分析方法之前讓我們來回顧一下句子改寫題的這么多年永遠(yuǎn)廝守在那里的始終如一的題目：

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

從上面這個(gè)題目其實(shí)我們可以得出如下信息：我們的正確選項(xiàng)必須要包含原句中的essential information，也就是必要信息，也就是正確選項(xiàng)必須不能改變重要信息或省掉重要信息。那么，何謂題干中所謂的重要信息呢?答曰：第一，邏輯關(guān)系;第二，原句主謂賓所表達(dá)的主要信息。而我們做題的主要步驟也就是先通讀原句、尋找邏輯，如果沒有顯性的邏輯詞我們就來看句子的主謂賓也就是句子的主干，最后再對應(yīng)原句驗(yàn)證得出正確答案。

首先，帶著小伙伴們來看一看如何通過邏輯關(guān)系來做題。由于句子改寫題改寫的內(nèi)容只是簡化意思但是并不能改變邏輯關(guān)系，同時(shí)，弄懂邏輯關(guān)系有助于我們對于句子的重心進(jìn)行很好的把握，所以要想做對這種題我們一定要清楚的知道這種題常考的邏輯關(guān)系有哪些。句子改寫題常考邏輯關(guān)系有：因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、比較、否定、遞進(jìn)。同時(shí)不要忘了句子中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的舉例子的成分多為補(bǔ)充說明的次要信息，大部分為like，including，for example, for instance 后所引導(dǎo)的信息。我們可以看一下如下出自TPO4第一篇Deer Populations of the Puget Sound 中的句子改寫題。

Paragraph 5: The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.

○Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.

○B(yǎng)iologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.

○According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.

仔細(xì)分析原句我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)原文中的邏輯詞匯In addition to, 是除了…之外的意思，同時(shí)還有一個(gè)like引導(dǎo)的例子是起到補(bǔ)充信息的作用，所以在理解句子中可以先不予不理會(huì)，此外句子中還有一個(gè)插入語，longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest,也是起到補(bǔ)充說明的作用，也可以先不用理會(huì)。筆者在授課過程中喜歡給學(xué)生舉下面這個(gè)例子：除了小明之外，Tom也喜歡游泳，試問這個(gè)句子中重點(diǎn)想要說誰，幾乎所有的學(xué)生都知道是要說Tom，所以本句中主要想要說的也是介詞短語in addition to 后面的Arthur Einarsen found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. Arthur Einarsen發(fā)現(xiàn)在空曠地區(qū)的高質(zhì)量的嫩葉大部分都是很有營養(yǎng)的正確選項(xiàng)B中表達(dá)的信息就為這個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容：Arthur Einarsen發(fā)現(xiàn)被采伐后的覓食區(qū)可以提供給鹿更多更好的事物。

接下來探討一下當(dāng)沒有顯性的邏輯關(guān)系詞時(shí)我們該如何做句子改寫題。例如我們可以看一下下面這一道出自TPO4第三篇Petroleum Resources的題：

Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Higher temperatures and pressures promote sedimentation, which is responsible for petroleum formation.

○Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter.

○Increased pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.

○The remains of microscopic organisms transform into petroleum once they are buried under mud.

這道題原句的題干中出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)插入語，我們都知道插入語的作用是起到解釋說明和補(bǔ)充說明的作用，所以插入語內(nèi)容為可有可無的信息，前面一個(gè)句子的主語是Continued sedimentation(持續(xù)的沉淀)，謂語為bury和subject，賓語為the organic matter 和 it，所以前半句主要意思是是說持續(xù)的沉積將有機(jī)物埋在海底并且使之受到海底溫度、高壓的影響;后半句為一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，主語為which指代前面一句這個(gè)過程，謂語為convert，賓語為 the organic matter, 后半句想要表達(dá)的意思是前面這個(gè)過程將有機(jī)物轉(zhuǎn)變成油和氣體。這道題的正確選項(xiàng)為第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的主語為Increased pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment，謂語為turn，賓語為the organic remains，所以本句想表明的意思為來自沉淀物的不斷增加的壓力和熱量使得有機(jī)物成為石油。小伙伴們將兩個(gè)句子進(jìn)行比較會(huì)驚喜的發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩個(gè)句子其實(shí)表達(dá)的是一個(gè)意思。

所以對于閱讀理解很迷茫的小伙伴們可以從上面說到的兩點(diǎn)來準(zhǔn)備和提高自己的句子改寫題的做題能力，同時(shí)在下面不妨多做一些閱讀的精讀練習(xí)，因?yàn)檎�確理解句子不僅對于句子改寫題很重要，對于托福閱讀中的其他題也是至關(guān)重要的。

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