托福獨(dú)立寫作中的兩種推理方法：Deduction和Induction

 本文作者：新通沈陽  答疑熱線：024-31091551

 在托福獨(dú)立寫作中，往往給出一個(gè)話題，要求考生給出自己的觀點(diǎn)并進(jìn)行辯護(hù)，這是典型的議論文寫法。然而對于大多數(shù)的中國考生來說，英文議論文寫作與中文議論文寫作存在一定的差異性，使得考生在考場上利用有限的時(shí)間完成寫作任務(wù)，似乎是一個(gè)不小的難題。因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的中文議論文寫作，也就是我們在高考中最常見的寫作體裁，都是要求學(xué)生以事例為支撐來進(jìn)行說理，在英文中叫做Induction，而在英文的學(xué)術(shù)寫作中更傾向的是先給出論點(diǎn)然后進(jìn)行分析解釋的說理方法，英文表達(dá)為Deduction。

Induction的推理往往傾向于：？When I was in California, I learnt how to surf at Malibu. At first, I kept falling off, but I kept trying and soon I could do it. It was great. ？And the sights. I visited Hollywood first, Disneyland next, and Catalina Island last. There is so much to see and do. I was exhausted. ？Do I tell you about Jack? I met him at Venice Beach. He is a movie producer. He’s so handsome. As a matter of fact, we’re having dinner tonight. Tomorrow, we’re flying back to L.A. to get married! ？I had a fabulous time in California. 陳述者借助三個(gè)理由：？學(xué)會沖浪？觀光勝地 ？遇見Mr. Right，最終推導(dǎo)出論點(diǎn)？在California玩兒的很開心。

而deduction的推理過程則是反向的：？California was the best trip ever. ？ I learnt how to surf at Malibu. At first, I kept falling off, but I kept trying and soon I could do it. It was great. ？ And the sights. I visited Hollywood first, Disneyland next, and Catalina Island last. There is so much to see and do. I was exhausted. ？Do I tell you about Jack? I met him at Venice Beach. He is a movie producer. He’s so handsome. As a matter of fact, we’re having dinner tonight. Tomorrow, we’re flying back to L.A. to get married! ？I had a fabulous time in California. 在這段話中，說話者先是給出了一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，California之旅是最棒的，然后給出了三個(gè)理由進(jìn)行支持，最后做結(jié)論。

我們能夠注意到在deduction的推理中，整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)更加清晰，第一句的存在會暗示讀者在接下來的文字中都會圍繞best trip ever來展開。如果沒有，讀者根據(jù)這三個(gè)理由并不一定能夠推導(dǎo)出最后a fabulous time in California. 因?yàn)閷τ诖蟛糠帜刚Z非英語的考生來講，既要保證語法和單詞正確性，又要考慮理由的條理和連貫度，很有可能出現(xiàn)的后果是：給出了幾個(gè)并列的關(guān)聯(lián)不大的理由，最后沒辦法推導(dǎo)出一個(gè)合理的論點(diǎn)。所以在托�？荚囍�，更推薦大家使用deduction的推理方法，先呈現(xiàn)論點(diǎn)，即個(gè)人立場，然后圍繞立場進(jìn)行充分的解釋說明，這樣不僅提醒自己在寫作中陳述理由都要圍繞中心觀點(diǎn)，同時(shí)在考官閱卷時(shí)對于文章結(jié)構(gòu)的把握更加清晰。