對(duì)于許多中國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),最常遇到的問(wèn)題便是詞匯記憶。實(shí)際上英語(yǔ)跟漢語(yǔ)一樣,也有自己的“偏旁部首”和字根,英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法和漢語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法有很多共性的地方。用英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法來(lái)記英語(yǔ)單詞,做到事半功倍,記得準(zhǔn)確,而且不容易遺忘。構(gòu)詞法可以分為四個(gè)部分:派生法、合成法、轉(zhuǎn)化法和縮略法。今天,主要為大家介紹合成法和轉(zhuǎn)化法。
合成法:兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞合成一個(gè)新詞的構(gòu)詞方法稱為合成法。
1. 復(fù)合名詞的主要構(gòu)成方式有:
(1)名詞+名詞
如:newspaper報(bào)紙 teamwork 協(xié)作
(2)形容詞+名詞
如:blackboard 黑板 highway 公路
(3)副詞+名詞
如:overcoat大衣 underground 地鐵
(4)名詞+介詞短語(yǔ)
如:father-in-law岳父
mother-in-law 岳母
2. 復(fù)合動(dòng)詞的主要構(gòu)成方式:
(1)副詞+動(dòng)詞
如:update更新 overlook 忽視
(2)名詞+動(dòng)詞
如:sun-bathe日光浴 proof-read 校對(duì)
3. 復(fù)合代詞的主要構(gòu)成方式:
(1)代詞賓格或物主代詞+self/selves
如: ourselves , itself
(2)某些不定代詞+body/ thing / one
如: nobody, everything.
4. 復(fù)合形容詞的主要構(gòu)成方式:
(1)名詞+形容詞
如:colour-blind色盲的
(2)副詞+形容詞
如:over-sensitive過(guò)敏的
(3)名詞+分詞
如:hand-made手工制作的
(4) 形容詞+名詞
如:good-looking好看的
(5) 副詞+分詞
如:well-meant好意的 outstanding 出色的
(6) 形容詞+名詞
如:gentleman 紳士 greengrocer 水果商
(7)形容詞+名詞+ -ed
如: ill-mannered 不禮貌的
(8)數(shù)詞+名詞+(-ed)
如:two-faced兩面派的 one-sided 片面的
(9)名詞+名詞+-ed
如:iron-willed有鋼鐵意志的
5. 復(fù)合副詞的主要構(gòu)成方式:
(1)名詞+名詞, 如:sideways向旁邊
(2)名詞+副詞, 如:headfirst頭朝下
(3)形容詞+名詞, 如:meanwhile同時(shí)
(4)介詞+名詞, 如:beforehand事先
轉(zhuǎn)化法:不添加任何成分, 不改變?cè)~形, 把一個(gè)詞由一種詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)用為另一種詞類(lèi)的方法叫轉(zhuǎn)化法。
1. 有大量的動(dòng)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
(1)有時(shí)意思沒(méi)有太大的變化。如:
①have a look (chat, talk, wash, swim, rest, try, quarrel, interview, taste, etc)
②make a study (guess, visit, call, survey, jump, slip, change, answer, advance, etc)
③come to a stop (end, pause)
(2)有時(shí)意思有一定的變化:
He was about the same build as his brother.他的體形和他哥哥差不多。
Women have a equal say in everything.婦女在各方面都有同樣的發(fā)言權(quán)。
2. 有相當(dāng)多的名詞可以當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用
(1)許多表示物件的名詞可以用做動(dòng)詞, 表示動(dòng)作。
Have you booked your ticket? (預(yù)定)
It can seat a thousand people. (容納)
(2)有些表示身體部位的名詞活用來(lái)做動(dòng)詞。
We'll back you up. (支持)
We'll head for Yunnan tomorrow. (朝……前進(jìn))
(3)一些表示一類(lèi)人的名詞也可用做動(dòng)詞。
If so, we shall be badly fooled. (上當(dāng))
We were hosted by members of the embassy. (款待)
(4)一些表示其他實(shí)物的名詞也可用做動(dòng)詞。
This helped to bridge over our difficulties. (度過(guò))
For six days and nights they battled to save his life.(苦戰(zhàn))
(5)一些抽象名詞等也可以用做動(dòng)詞。
Through my childhood, I had hungered for education.(盼望)
Over 1000 students stormed into the building .(沖進(jìn))
3. 有不少形容詞也可以用做動(dòng)詞。
(1)The train slowed down to half its speed.(減慢)
(2)This is the chief way of narrowing the differences between them.(縮小)
(3)Please warm up the dish over the stove.(熱一下)
(4)The room gradually quieted down.(安靜下來(lái))
(5)Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.(糾正)
(6)Nothing dries sooner than a tear.(干)
(7)Shelly was unable to calm her. (使鎮(zhèn)靜)
(8)They braved the bitter cold to complete the railway.(不顧)
(9)Most of these rivers empty into the Pacific Ocean.(流入)
(10)Don't dirty your clothes. (弄臟)
(11)He felt himself wronged.(受了委屈)
(12)The newspaper had been yellowed by sunlight. (使變黃)
(13)He lowered his voice. (降低)
4. 有不少形容詞可用做名詞。
(1)Nobles constituted seven per cent of the population. (貴族)
(2)When is your French oral? (口語(yǔ)課)
(3)Their jobless total (總數(shù)) reached a record high (高峰) since 1940.
(4)There is only one black in my class. (黑人)
(5)She is investigating the ancients’ conception of the universe. (古人)
(6)He is a natural for the job. (天生適合……的人)
(7)It is necessary to make a distinction between right and wrong. (是與非)
(8)They are running in the final . (決賽)
(9)Our six- year-old is at school. (六歲的孩子)
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